We would make an appeal from them all to the simpler and surer method of recognizing the negro as a man who has labor to sell or any other service of which others may have need, securing to him in the community the same privilege of a free market for what he has to dispose of as is provided for other men, and enacting laws which bear equally upon all, which every man knows is the primary and indeed the sole condition of stability and of progress for the community, and then leaving him to work out his own career and to find his own place exactly as every one else does. This does not mean, as is now claimed, that the negro shall be free to sell certain kinds of labor, under certain fixed conditions, and to do nothing else; but that all markets shall be equally open to him, and that in them all he shall be free to offer his services, be they what they may, without more interrogation into his ancestry or his purposes than is applied to other men; in other words, that he shall be dealt with, for the time being, in this relationship alone.

If workingmen in all lands are finding emancipation from conditions of serfdom and feudalism by this simple principle, and everywhere the community of which they are a part is attaining its freedom and its development by the recognition of this truth, is there any reason why the same should not be recognized, and honestly and hopefully applied, with the negro at the South? The white man who sells kindling-wood at my door, or supplies the labor which I need in cutting my lawn or in shoveling my snow in winter, asks no other social recognition than that I pay him a fair price for his service, pay it promptly when the work is performed and the product delivered, and then leave him free to go his own way and find such life as he chooses. The social question, however complex and difficult, settles itself at once when its relationship is understood and accepted. He does not expect to be invited to

my table, nor care to come if he were invited, and suffers no loss of respect because he is permitted to go away uninvited. He is under no obligation to enter into conversation with me about his private life, or his family, or the uses to which he intends to put the money that he may receive. In other words, so far as he as an individual is concerned, he has all the privileges which I demand for myself. In this sense at least he and I are both free and equal, whatever other differences may exist between us. On the recognition of this single fact, a free and growing and wholesome and peaceful society is secured. If, for any reason, I am moved to try also to be helpful to him or his household in matters of education or of religion or what you will, a plane is established upon which intercourse may continue that shall be satisfactory to us both, for it rests entirely upon the free will of each. The moment this relationship is departed from, and I begin to interrogate my neighbor and to patronize him, no less than when I venture to assert authority over him, the equilibrium is destroyed, and confusion and contention are introduced; the social question emerges, and both he and I are embarrassed. He becomes self-conscious and sensitive, and I become critical and suspicious. All the questions as to whom I want to sit by my side, or travel in the same car, or eat the same meat, or perhaps marry my daughter, force themselves upon me, when otherwise they are not even suggested.

If the market is absolutely open for every man to buy or to sell, and then to do what he will with his own, without patronage and without offensive interrogation, every man seeks freely and finds the level at which his means make him most comfortable or his tastes are most satisfactorily gratified. This, and this alone, constitutes an order of society in obedience to natural law. All attempts to order it differently are artificial and unnatural, and can produce nothing but instability and confusion. If in many

instances the negro, because of his ignorance and inherited degradation or his personal poverty, has little to sell, suffer him to sell that freely, and treat him as any other man is treated in the market of the world. The smaller his stock in trade, the scantier his ability of service, the greater his need of recognition, and the more positive the effect of the manly independence. He will quickly discover upon what his comfort and his self-respect depend, and may safe ly be left, as other men in a free country are left, to increase the stock of what he has to dispose of, or to suffer the consequences of his neglect. There is no surer way to induce him to become a better or more industrious workingman, or, if he is endowed with higher gifts, to cultivate them into marketable shape with the aid of schools and colleges, than to know that in the open market of the community in which he lives this course will bring him both recognition and reward. He then asks no favor and seeks no social privileges other than those he creates and chooses for himself. Anything more than that becomes a patronage which he at once recognizes as a reappearance of the artificial inequalities from which in slavery he has once for all escaped. Experience shows that where this principle is adopted, social questions settle themselves. And the social carries with it the political. There is nothing in the character or the condition or the history of the negro in the United States that excludes the application of the teachings of history to the problems that center in him. The largest wisdom will surely be found in acknowledging the universal application of the principles that underlie the free movement of all human society in the recognition of the fact that things are not settled until they are settled right. We have had the disturbance, the unrest. The country is making vast progress in bettering the material conditions of all classes. Philanthropy and education are united in a movement such as the world has

never seen, for the uplifting of the degraded and the helpless, which is full of blessed promise for the immediate future of our own country, if not of the world. We need only recognition of a just and fundamental principle to make these conditions permanent, and to secure justice for all, and general peace.

VOL. LIX. No. 236. 9

ARTICLE VIII.

PRIMITIVE MAN IN THE ICE AGE.

BY WARREN UPHAM.

[For its bearing upon the antiquity and early condition of man, the discovery so fully and clearly reported upon by Mr. Warren Upham in the accompanying communication is certainly one of the most important which have ever been made. It is proper to remark, also, that the company of savants who conducted their investigations together, and who are named in this communication, represent more combined wisdom relating to this subject than could be found anywhere else in the world. For the statement of facts their report may be taken as final. But the question of the absolute length of the epochs described is one which can at present be settled only tentatively;-as their distinguished author would most readily grant. After a personal study of the conditions in the vicinity of Lansing, and comparison with a similar discovery at Kief, in Russia, and with the conditions in Asia to which reference has been made in another article (see p. 710), I will add some comments in the January number.-G.F.W.]

INSTEAD of suddenly complete creative acts, like the old Greek and Roman myth of Minerva, born, full-grown and clothed in armor, from the head of Jupiter, the geologist, zoölogist, and botanist, through their studies in the last fifty years, have learned to regard the creation of the earth and all its living things, plants, animals, and man, as a slow and gradual progress. Time, which by the majority of the Christian world a half-century ago was thought of as a period of about six thousand years, has vastly expanded, with the increased knowledge of the earth's stages of change and with the record of past forms of plant and animal life, until now our vision extends back to an antiquity of probably a hundred million years, or more, for the beginnings of life on our globe. Even for mankind, the latest and highest product of the Creator's thought and