Where the power to transfer stock is shown to the corporation, it is not bound to inquire whether the transferror is attempting a fraud. Hughes v. Drovers' & Mechanics' Nat. Bank (Md.) 936.
Measure of corporation's duty stated as to protecting its stockholders from unauthorized transfers of stock.-Hughes v. Drovers' & Me- chanics' Nat. Bank (Md.) 936.
A secretary of a manufacturing corporation held to have made indorsements of commercial paper by permission of the directors.-Blake v. Domes- tic Manuf'g Co. (N. J. Ch.) 241; Same v. Domes- tic Sewing-Mach. Co., Id.
A treasurer of a manufacturing corporation has no implied authority to indorse its note for discount or sale.-Blake v. Domestic Manuf'g Co. (N. J. Ch.) 241; Same v. Domestic Sewing- Mach. Co., Id.
Directors of a corporation held by acquiescence to have made its treasurer a general agent for the corporation, to make_indorsements of com- mercial paper. Blake v. Domestic Manuf'g Co. (N. J. Ch.) 241; Same v. Domestic Sewing- Mach. Co., Id.
Though directors did not know of indorsements of commercial paper being made by the com- pany's treasurer, held, that they should have known it.-Blake v. Domestic Manuf'g Co. (N. J. Ch.) 241; Same v. Domestic Sewing-Mach. Co., Id.
Corporate powers and liabilities.
Chattel mortgage authorized by de facto stock- holders only held good as to third parties.-Kane v. Lodor (N. J. Ch.) 966.
A corporation in a failing condition cannot place part of its assets in the hands of a trustee to protect any of its directors as sureties on its bond.-Gray v. Taylor (N. J. Ch.) 951.
A corporation held liable on unauthorized in- dorsements of notes by its treasurer, where it received the benefits. Blake v. Domestic Manuf'g Co. (N. J. Ch.) 241; Same v. Domestic Sewing-Mach. Co., id.
A manufacturing corporation has no authority to give accommodation paper.-Blake v. Domestic Manuf'g Co. (N. J. Ch.) 241; Same v. Domestic Sewing-Mach. Co., Id.
A manufacturing corporation is bound by an indorsement of paper for accommodation, when the paper is in the hands of a bona fide holder. Blake v. Domestic Manuf'g Co. (N. J. Ch.) 241; Same v. Domestic Sewing-Mach. Co., Id.
Where a treasurer acts as the company's gen- eral agent in indorsing commercial paper from time to time, the company is bound thereby, if the directors ought to have known he was so do- ing.-Blake v. Domestic Manuf'g Co. (N. J. Ch.) 241; Same v. Domestic Sewing-Mach. Co., Id.
Where a treasurer was made the agent of the corporation for indorsement of paper by reason of acquiescence of the directors, held, that the company was bound by such an indorsement, though the indorsee had no knowledge of the pre- vious indorsements.-Blake v. Domestic Manuf'g Co. (N. J. Ch.) 241; Same v. Domestic Sewing- Mach. Co., Id.
An agreement that payments of part of sub- scriptions to stock shall be secured by mortgage is void as against creditors of the corporation.- Boney v. Williams (N. J. Ch.) 189.
A corporation held not estopped to deny im- plied authority of one of its officers, in respect to an act, not of the character of those that it had permitted him to perform in its behalf.- Winsted Hosiery Co. v. New Britain Knitting Co. (Conn.) 310.
A corporation held not to have impliedly au- thorized its secretary and treasurer to sell prop- erty that was a part of its plant.-Winsted Hosiery Co. v. New Britain Knitting Co. (Conn.) 310.
Confession of judgment by corporation held not fraudulent, though the directors are inci- dentally relieved from liability.-Mueller v. Mo- nongahela Fire-Clay Co. (Pa.) 1009. Insolvency and receivers.
A corporation held not insolvent at the time its directors authorized judgment to be con- fessed against it.-Mueller v. Monongahela Fire- Clay Co. (Pa.) 1009.
Creditor of private business corporation, who obtained judgment after appointment of re- ceiver, held not entitled to preference.-Cowan v. Pennsylvania Plate-Glass Co. (Pa.) 1075; Ap- peal of Exchange Bank, Id.
treasurer for money then advanced held not an Judgment note given by corporation to its illegal preference; though it was insolvent.- Cowan v. Pennsylvania Plate-Glass Co. (Pa.) 1075; Appeal of Exchange Bank, Id.
Directors of a corporation who signed its bond to piocure the discharge on attachment held en- titled to prove against the corporation's estate on its subsequent insolvency, since they were subrogated to the rights of the attaching cred- itors. Gray v. Taylor (N. J. Ch.) 951.
Such sureties could not, however, follow prop- erty converted into money by the corporation pri- or to the insolvency, nor the proceeds of such property, nor could they reach the general as- sets.-Gray v. Taylor (N. J. Ch.) 951.
A corporation after insolvency cannot give a mortgage to secure a pre-existing debt, under Corporation Act (P. L. 1896, p. 298) § 64.-Frost v. Barnert (N. J. Ch.) 956.
The president and general manager of a cor- poration held not to have power, without the consent of directors, on insolvency of corpora- tion, to transfer assets to satisfy debts of one creditor.-Hadden v. Linville (Md.) 37.
A transfer by an insolvent Ohio corporation of all its assets to a New Jersey corporation that assumed all indebtedness is not void, under the laws of Ohio, as against bondholders of the Ohio corporation.-Blake v. Domestic Manuf'g Co. (N. J. Ch.) 241; Same v. Domestic Sewing-Mach. Co., Id.
Receiver of a corporation held not entitled to recover stock transferred as security.-Blake v. Domestic Manuf'g Co. (N. J. Ch.) 241; Same v. Domestic Sewing-Mach. Co., Id.
Where one corporation transfers all its assets Of witness, see "Witnesses." to another, which assumes all indebtedness, the bondholders of the former are creditors of the latter. Blake v. Domestic Manuf'g Co. (N. J.
Ch.) 241; Same v. Domestic Sewing-Mach. Co., On foreclosure, see "Mortgages."
Where one corporation transfers all its assets to another, which assumes all indebtedness, the bondholders of the former have no equitable lien on the assets of the latter in preference to the latter's creditors.-Blake v. Domestic Manuf'g Co. (N. J. Ch.) 241; Same v. Domestic Sewing- Mach. Co., Id.
In a suit to restrain an executrix from com- mitting waste, where the defense was an un- warranted contention that she had complete power under the will to dispose of the body of the estate, held, on a decree for plaintiff, that defendant's costs must be paid by her person- ally.-Bentley v. Bentley (N. J. Ch.) 286.
The right of defendant to costs on the amend- ment of defective declarations held postponed until the action should come on for trial, where he excepted to the amendment.-Hare v. Dean (Me.) 227.
CO-SURETIES.
See "Principal and Surety."
CO-TENANCY.
See "Tenancy in Common."
See "Municipal Corporations."
Equity will enforce covenants entered into be- tween prior grantors and grantees in regard to the use of property that came from a common source.-Trudeau v. Field (Vt.) 162.
The owner of a water privilege connected with a dam cannot recover from the owner of another privilege connected therewith on a covenant be- tween the other and his grantor to contribute to the rebuilding of the dam.-Trudeau v. Field (Vt.) 162.
When possession under a claim of title is an estate sufficient for the transmission of cove- nants.-Morton v. Thompson (Vt.) 88.
COVERTURE.
See "Husband and Wife."
The position of deputy warden of the Hudson Of witness, see "Witnesses." county almshouse is fixed by Act March 14, 1895.-Stewart v. Board of Chosen Freeholders of Hudson County (N. J. Sup.) 842.
See, also, "Judges."
Clerks of, see "Clerks of Courts."
A probate judge who is executor of a will held not qualified to appoint a special administrator on another estate, to which the estate represented by him as executor is largely indebted.-Hussey v. Southard (Me.) 221.
A sergeant at arms of a district court held not subject to statutory liability for failure to return execution.-Nixon v. Fithian (N. J. Sup.) 698. Where plaintiff sued for $1,000, and appeals from a refusal to enter judgment for $800, the superior court alone has jurisdiction, under' Act June 24, 1895.-Peters v. Carner (Pa.) 509.
See "Assignments for Benefit of Creditors"; "Fraudulent Conveyances"; "Insolvency."
CREDITORS' SUIT.
Creditors' suit held not multifarious because complainant attempts to follow, in one bill, sep- ants.-Burne v. O'Shaughnessy (N. J. Ch.) 963. arate properties in the hands of separate defend-
Burne v. O'Shaughnessy (N. J. Ch.) 963. Necessity of parties defendant determined.-
Where a bill alleging that a judgment debtor and another were carrying on a business that belonged to the former, but in the latter's name, to cover up the debtor's property, was denied by defendants' answers, preliminary relief would not be granted to complainant by way of injunc- tion or receivership.-Guild v. Meyer (N. J. Ch.) 959.
Gen. Laws, c. 147, § 9, providing that every one who shall be found guilty, before "a district court," of violating certain provisions, shall be punished, etc., does not deprive the common pleas division of its power to impose the penalty prescribed in a case appealed to it from the dis-v. Meyer (N. J. Ch.) 959. trict court.-State v. Drow ne (R. I.) 978.
Under its general criminal jurisdiction, the dis- trict court has jurisdiction only to fine "or" im- prison, and not to combine the two methods of punishment.-State v. Drowne (R. I.) 978.
A court, in directing the management of a rail- road by a receiver who was appointed by the courts in different states, may rely on the rule of comity by which the court of the other state will recognize such order.-Guarantee Trust & Safe-Deposit Co. v. Philadelphia, R. & N. E. R. Co. (Conn.) 792.
A grantee cannot sue his grantor for breach of covenant against incumbrances, where he had knowledge of the alleged incumbrances before taking a deed.-Demars v. Koehler (N. J. Sup.) 808.
alleges that defendants are partners, and de- Nor will such relief be granted where the bill fendants' answers deny the partnership.-Guild
Bill by holder of a foreign judgment held in- sufficient in not alleging that the complainant had judgment in the state on which execution had issued.-First Nat. Bank v. Randall (R. I.) 1055.
See, also, "Grand Jury"; "Indictment and In- formation"; "Searches and Seizures." Particular offenses, see "Adultery"; "Assault and Battery"; "Bigamy"; "Conspiracy"; "Dis- orderly House"; "Embezzlement"; "False Pretenses"; "Forgery"; "Homicide"; "Ob- scenity"; "Perjury"; "Rape."
Compromise of prosecution for nuisance, on payment of costs and $100 to the state, held un- authorized.-State v. Conway (R. I.) 656.
Plea of former jeopardy held not available where no verdict was rendered in the first trial.
A covenant to be at one-half expense of keep-Anderson v. State (Md.) 937. ing in repair a dam with which defendants' wa- ter rights were connected held not to require defendants to contribute to building a new dam. -Trudeau v. Field (Vt.) 162.
A deed granting merely the right of drawing water from a dam imposed no obligation on the grantor to rebuild the dam when swept away. Trudeau v. Field (Vt.) 162.
A deed granting water privileges not to be used to the injury of privileges theretofore grant- ed created no burden on such previously granted privileges. Trudeau v. Field (Vt.) 162.
Competency of proof of commission by defend- ant of similar offenses considered. - Ryan v. State (N. J. Err. & App.) 672.
A photograph, if its correctness be proven, may be used to illustrate the evidence in the case.-State v. Hersom (Me.) 160.
The order in which proof shall be received is in the discretion of the court.-State v. Thomp- son (Conn.) 868.
Defendant cannot avail himself of an objec- tion to an incompetent question unless he makes
his objection before the question is answered. -Cunningham v. State (N. J. Sup.) 847. Exception to refusal to instruct, made imme- diately after jury had retired, held in time.-State v. Pirlot (R. I.) 656.
To convict of a lower crime, verdict need not find defendant not guilty of higher crime.-Roo- key v. State (Conn.) 911.
The superior court for Kennebec county has authority to order a certified copy of a bill of exceptions in a criminal case to be transmitted to the chief justice for a decision of the same by the law court.-State v. Hersom (Me.) 160. On a writ of error the entire record must be certified by the trial court.-Ryan v. State (N. J. Err. & App.) 672.
An unlawful order, when sentencing to impris- onment at hard labor for a year, that the impris- onment shall be served in state's prison, may be annulled on error, without impairing the judg- ment.-Bindernagle v. State (N. J. Err. & App.)
Evidence as to kind of dress plaintiff was obliged to wear after injury held admissible.- Valley v. Concord & M. R. R. (N. H.) 383.
In an action for personal injuries, mental dis- order of plaintiff, naturally arising therefrom, may be considered.-Lambertson v. Consolidated Traction Co. (N. J. Err. & App.) 684.
Provision in contract of employment con- strued, and held valid as a provision for liqui- dated damages.-Borley v. McDonald (Vt.) 60. On breach of a contract to saw certain logs at from having the logs left on his hands, and be- a stipulated price, the loss to the owner arising ing obliged to sell them for what he could get, is a proper element of damages.-Amsden v. At- wood (Vt.) 263.
The difference between the real market price
at the time plaintiff received his logs, and the time when he should have received them if they had been rafted by defendant with due diligence, held to be the measure of damages.— Palmer v. Penobscot Lumbering Ass'n (Me.) 108.
Measure of damages on failure to manufacture In the absence of an exception, whether the certain articles, and furnish at cost, determined. action of the court in excluding certain persons-Kenderdine Hydro-Carbon Fuel Co. v. Plumb from the court room was erroneous, cannot be (Pa.) 480. considered.-Shields v. State (N. J. Sup.) 763. Admission of illegal evidence will work re- versal unless it is clear that it was harmless. See "Waters and Water Courses." Ryan v. State (N. J. Err. & App.) 672.
For death by wrongful act, see "Death." Release of damages against railroad, see "Rail- roads."
In an action of tort, evidence of the nature and extent of plaintiff's business and the general rate of profit therefrom, held admissible, not as fur- nishing a measure of damages, but to be taken into consideration by the jury in assessing dam- ages, for the interruption of such business by de- fendants' wrongful act.-East Jersey Water Co. v. Bigelow (N. J. Err. & App.) 631.
In an action for personal injuries, testimony as to plaintiff's complaints of pain was prop- erly received.-Brown v. Town of Mt. Holly (Vt.) 69.
Where the extent of the injuries is shown, plaintiff is entitled to substantial damages, where defendant fails to show that it was not negli- gent, or that the injuries were the result of con- tributory negligence.-Bergin v. Southern New England Tel. Co. (Conn.) 888.
Funeral charges are not recoverable as a part of the damages.-Consolidated Traction Co. V. Hone (N. J. Err. & App.) 759.
Whether contributory negligence on the part of the sole next of kin will defeat recovery, undetermined. - Consolidated Traction Co. V. Hone (N. J. Err. & App.) 759.
St. 1891, c. 124, abrogates the remedy by in- dictment for death by wrongful act in all cases for which it provides a remedy by a civil ac- tion.-State v. Maine Cent. R. Co. (Me.) 158.
DEBT, ACTION OF.
Debt is a proper remedy to recover from a rail- road corporation the excess of receipts over 10 per cent. under Gen. St. c. 144, § 5.-State v. Manchester & L. R. R. (N. H.) 736..
DEBTOR AND CREDITOR.
See "Assignments for Benefit of Creditors"; "Creditors' Suit"; "Fraudulent Conveyances" "Insolvency."
A verdict on account of injuries to plaintiff's Of trust, see "Trusts." hand was reduced to $2,500.-Sawyer v. Rum- ford Falls Paper Co. (Me.) 318.
A verdict for substantial damages for personal injuries will not ordinarily be set aside on the As evidence in civil actions, see "Evidence." ground of inadequacy.-McGowan v. Interstate Of co-conspirators as evidence, see "Conspira- Consol. St. Ry. Co. (R. 1.) 497. cy."
See, also, "Boundaries."
Conveyance of easement, see "Easements."
Covenants in, see "Covenants."
Estoppel by, see "Estoppel."
In fraud of creditors, see "Fraudulent Convey- Judgment by, see "Judgment." ances."
In trust, see "Trusts."
Of trust, see "Mortgages." Tax deeds, see "Taxation."
Deed construed, and held to convey all the in- terest the grantor had in the estate of her grand-
father.-Langley v. Honey (R. I.) 699.
An orator seeking to enforce an equitable right to property has the burden of proving payments made towards satisfying conditions of the deed under which he claims.-Oakman v. Walker (Vt.) 63.
The fact that a grantee permitted a subse- quent grantee to occupy the premises without objection held admissible as showing that the conditions of the first deed had not been com- plied with.-Oakman v. Walker (Vt.) 63.
In appliances, see "Master and Servant." In bill of interpleader, amendment of, see "In- In highways, see "Highways"; "Towns." terpleader."
In pleadings, waiver of, see "Pleading." In streets, see "Municipal Corporations."
Of goods by carrier, see "Carriers." of mortgage, see "Chattel Mortgages." Of goods sold, see "Sales."
An agreement to convey a fee simple by two persons, "both so much of the land they now hold in common," held to mean the land owned in common, and not to refer to land held by either in common with a third person.-Pennsylvania R. Co. v. Breckenridge (N. J. Err. & App.) 740. For payment of tax, see "Taxation." Description in deed construed.-Steelman v. Atlantic City Sewerage Co. (N. J. Err. & App.) 742.
DEMURRER.
In pleading, see "Pleading."
A deed "of all the salt marsh belonging to the said party of the first part, *** being north of the fourth line of" a certain tract, held to pass the entire marsh, and not merely the part Îying between two lines drawn to the north from See "Banks and Banking"; "Trusts." the east and west ends respectively of said fourth line.-Penrose v. Steelman (N. J. Ch.) 807. Peculiarity of the chain of title held not suffi- cient to charge a purchaser with notice that the A payment to the clerk of court of moneys due land had been partitioned among tenants in com- in a pending suit, without a special order direct- mon by mutual release deeds, such deeds not having it to be made, held without effect.-Whitta- ing been recorded.-H. C. Tack Co. v. Ayers (N. ker v. Belvidere Roller-Mill Co. (N. J. Ch.) 289. J. Ch.) 194.
Under 1 Gen. St. p. 855, § 14, held, that what- ever is sufficient to charge a purchaser with notice as to the state of the title is sufficient to charge a judgment creditor.-H. C. Tack Co. v. Ayers (N. J. Ch.) 194.
Where a deed executed by one tenant in com- mon to the other, on a conventional partition, was not recorded, held that no equity arose in favor of the grantee, as against a subsequent judgment creditor of the grantor, to have any further conveyance.-H. C. Tack Co. v. Ayers (N. J. Ch.) 194.
In a deed of land bordering on tide water, a description of the land as "running to the shore," and "thence by the shore and upland to the first bound," excludes the shore from the conveyance. -Freeman v. Leighton (Me.) 542.
Under the colonial ordinance of 1641-47, con- cerning flats, conveyances of uplands are ex- pected to convey the adjoining flats.-Freeman v. Leighton (Me.) 542.
A clause in a deed at the end of a particular description by metes and bounds, "meaning and intending to convey the same premises conveyed to me," etc., neither enlarges nor limits the grant.-Smith v. Sweat (Me.) 554.
A particular description, when it is definite and certain, will control a general reference to another deed as the source of title.-Smith v. Sweat (Me.) 554.
Where different mortgages were given at dif- ferent times, held, that they should be construed as different instruments.-Smith v. Sweat (Me.) 554.
DESCENT AND DISTRIBUTION.
Where a mother died intestate, survived by two children, who died minors and unmarried before any distribution of the estate, held, that the estate went to the heirs of the minor child last deceased, and not to the next of kin of the mother.—Ap- peal of Hale (Conn.) 392.
Where life tenant has dissipated goods, the re- mainder-men may follow, and claim them in the hands of third persons, if they can find the spe- cific articles.-Quicksall v. Chew (N. J. Ch.) 442.
Sufficiency of decree on distribution of an es- tate of one presumed to be dead determined.- In re Morrison's Estate (Pa.) 895; Appeal of People's Trust, Savings & Deposit Co., Id.
Rule for determining rights of creditor and heirs and devisees where statutory lien cast on lands for debt of ancestor is enforced.-Ran- som v. Brinkerhoff (N. J. Ch.) 919.
Where statutory lien cast on lands for debt of ancestor is enforced, assessments for benefits caused by public improvements must be allowed to the heir.-Ransom v. Brinkerhoff (N. J. Ch.) 919.
Of land in a levy and return of tax sale, see "Taxation."
Of property conveyed, see "Boundaries"; "Deeds."
As ground for divorce, see "Divorce."
DIRECTING VERDICT.
In civil actions, see "Trial."
From indebtedness, see "Accord and Satisfac- tion."
Of surety, see "Principal and Surety."
DISCRETION OF COURT.
Review in civil actions, see "Appeal and Error."
DISMISSAL AND NONSUIT.
Dismissal of appeal, see "Appeal and Error." Where trespass is shown, it is error to nonsuit plaintiff because of absence of proof of the amount of damages.-Lance v. Apgar (N. J. Err. & App.) 695.
A divorce for desertion will not be denied where the husband's supposed defense is not proved.-Drayton v. Drayton (N. J. Ch.) 25.
Evidence held not to show collusion between the parties.-Drayton v. Drayton (N. J. Ch.) 25.
The institution of a suit for divorce by the husband held no defense to a suit by the wife for divorce on ground of desertion.-Drayton v. Drayton (N. J. Ch.) 25.
A wife held not to have shown herself justi- fied in her abandonment of the husband on the ground of cruelty.-Renk v. Renk (N. J. Ch.) 427. A wife, who left her husband because of a quarrel, and for over two years refused to re- turn, held guilty of malicious desertion, entitling the husband to a divorce.-Whelan v. Whelan (Pa.) 625.
As evidence in civil actions, see "Evidence."
Evidence held to show legal domicile of defend- ant to be within the state.-Hervey v. Hervey (N. J. Ch.) 767.
The rule that it is error to enter a nonsuit where the case is tried to a jury, and there is See "Gifts." substantial evidence produced by plaintiff, ap- plies to cases tried to the court.-Foskett & Bishop Co. v. Swayne (Conn.) 893.
DISORDERLY HOUSE.
Evidence held sufficient to sustain conviction for keeping disorderly house. - Bindernagle v. State (N. J. Err. & App.) 973.
DISQUALIFICATION.
Of judge, see "Judges."
Of estate assigned for creditors, see "Assign- ments for Benefit of Creditors."
of decedent, see "Descent and Distribu- tion."
of insolvent, see "Insolvency."
Under Revision, p. 320, § 2, held, that deceased had not been in such possession of the rented portion of a building as would enable his widow to "remain" in possession under the statute re- lating to quarantine.-Davis v. Lowden (N. J. Ch.) 648.
Where a widow signed a lease of part of the property of deceased, held, that she was estop- ped from claiming quarantine therein.-Davis v. Lowden (N. J. Ch.) 648.
It is not necessary that the writ of seisin to set out dower should contain specific directions to the commissioners.-Skolfield v. Skolfield (Me.) 530.
Where a report of commissioners to assign dower is not accepted, the court can recommit it to the commissioners to set out dower anew. -Skolfield v. Skolfield (Me.) 530.
Where commissioners set out to the demand- ant certain parcels of land "as and for dower," DISTRICT AND AND PROSECUTING AT- it is a sufficient assignment. Skolfield v. Skol- field (Me.) 530.
The interest of a widow remains in the lands Loc. Acts 1894, c. 213, limiting compensation of her deceased husband after sale in partition. of state's attorney in Dorchester county to-Kunselman v. Stine (Pa.) 414. $1,200, held unconstitutional.-Goldsborough v. Lloyd (Md.) 773.
Of water course, see "Waters and Water Cours- es."
Evidence held insufficient to show condona- tion.-Gosser v. Gosser (Pa.) 1014.
In a divorce suit, testimony standing solely on the specific statements of one party, contradict- ed by general statements of the other party, will not justify an affirmative decree.-Daeters v. Daeters (N. J. Ch.) 950.
Where a wife, on contracting a venereal dis- ease from the husband, left him, and he never explained, or asked her to return, held, that she was entitled to a divorce, as for desertion.- Daeters v. Daeters (N. J. Ch.) 950.
In cities, see "Municipal Corporations."
In indictment, see "Indictment and Informa- tion."
Evidence of what position the servient owner assigned to a right of way, and of what land was actually used as right of way, held admissible on the question of location.-Jenne v. Piper (Vt.) 147.
Covenant in deed, reciting that grantor would keep a certain way to the granted premises open till by deed he had conveyed to the gran- tee some other way, held to be a grant creating an easement.-Morton v. Thompson (Vt.) 88.
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