nor to vote in the Grand Lodge. 2. Not more than five candidates can be made at the same communication of a lodge; but the Grand Master, on the showing of sufficient cause, may extend to a lodge the privilege of making as many more as he may think proper. 3. No brother can at the same time belong to two lodges, within three miles of each other. But the Grand Master may dispense with this regulation also. 4. Every lodge must elect and install its officers on the constitutional night, which, in most masonic jurisdictions, precedes the anniversary of St. John the Evangelist. Should it, however, neglect this duty, or should any officer die, or be expelled, or remove permanently, no subsequent election or installation can take place, except under dispensation of the Grand Master.

DISTRICT DEPUTY GRAND MASTER. An officer appointed to inspect old lodges, consecrate new ones, install their officers, and exercise a general supervision over the fraternity in districts where, from the extent of the jurisdiction, the Grand Master or his Deputy cannot conveniently attend in person. He is considered as a Grand Officer, and as the representative of the Grand Lodge in the district in which he resides. In the English Grand Lodge, officers of this description are called Provincial Grand Masters.

DORIC ORDER. The oldest and most original of the three Grecian orders. It is remarkable for robust solidity in the column, for massive grandeur in the entablature, and for harmonious simplicity in its construction. The distinguishing characteristic of this order, is the want of a base. The flutings are few, large, and very little concave. The capital has no astragal, but only one or more fillets, which separate the flutings from the torus.* The column of strength which supports the lodge, is of the Doric order, and its appropriate situation and symbolic officer are in the W...

Stuart, Dict. of Architecture.

DOVE, KNIGHTS AND LADIES OF THE. Chevaliers et Chevalières de la Colombe. A secret society framed on the model of Freemasonry, to which women were admitted; it was instituted at Versailles, in 1784, but it is now extinct.

DRESS OF A MASON. Oliver says that "the ancient symbolical dress of a Master Mason was a yellow jacket and blue breeches, alluding to the brass compasses with steel points, which were assigned to the Master, or Grand Master, as governor of the craft. But the real dress was a plain black coat and breeches, with white waistcoat, stockings, aprons and gloves." In this country the masonic costume is a full suit of black, with white stockings where shoes are worn, and white leather aprons and gloves. Knights Templars have their gloves and aprons also black.

DRUIDS. The Druidical rites were practised in Britain and Gaul, though they were brought to a much greater state of perfection in the former country, where the isle of Anglesea was considered as their chief seat. The word Druid has been supposed to be derived from the Greek 4pus, or rather the Celtic Derw, an oak, which tree was peculiarly sacred among them; but I am inclined to seek its etymology in the Gaelic word Druidh, which signifies a wise man or a magician. The druidical ceremonies of initiation, according to Oliver, "bore an undoubted reference to the salvation of Noah and his seven companions in the ark." Indeed, all the ancient mysteries appear to have been arkite in their general character. Their places of initiation were of various forms; circular, because a circle was an emblem of the universe; or oval, in allusion to the mundane egg, from which, according to the Egyptians, our frst parents issued; or serpentine, because a serpent was the symbol of Hu, the druidical Noah; or winged, to represent the motion of the Divine Spirit; or cru

* Landmarks, vol. i. p. 169.

ciform because a cross was the emblem of regeneration.* Their only covering was the clouded canopy, because they deemed it absurd to confine the Omnipotent beneath a roof,† and they were constructed of embankments of earth, and of unhewn stones, unpolluted with a metal tool. No one was permitted to enter their sacred retreats, unless he bore a chain. The chief priest or hierophant, was called the Archdruid. Their grand periods of initiation were quarterly, taking place on the days when the sun reached his equinoctial and solstitial points, which at that remote period were the 13th of February, the 1st of May, the 19th of August, and the 1st of November. The principal of these was the 1st of May, (which, according to Mr. Higgins, was the festival of the Sun entering into Taurus,) and the May-day celebration which still exists among us, is a remnant of the druidical rites. It was not lawful to commit their ceremonies or doctrines to writing, as we learn from Cæsar;§ and hence the ancient Greek and Roman writers have been enabled to give us but little information on this subject.

The institution was divided into three degrees or classes, the lowest being the Bards; the second the Faids, or Vates, and the highest the Druids. || Much mental preparation and physical purification were used previously to admission into the first degree.

The aspirant was clothed with the three sacred colours,

* The cross, as an emblem of regeneration, was first adopted by the Egyptians, who expressed the several increases of the Nile, (by whose fertilizing inundations their soil was regenerated,) by a column marked with several crosses. They hung it as a talisman around the necks of their children and sick peopeople. It was sometimes represented in an abridged form, by the letter T.Pluche, Historie du Ciel.

It was an article in the druidical creed, that it was unlawful to build temples to the gods; or to worship them within walls or under roofs."-Dr. Henry's Hist. Eng.

Higgins' Celtic Druids, p. 149. The astronomic relations of this day have been altered by the procession of the equinox.

"Neque fas esse existimant, ea literis mandare."-Bell. Gall. vi. 13. I See Strabo, lib. iv, and Ammian. Marcellinus, lib. xv.

white, blue, and green; white as the symbol of Light, blue of Truth, and green of Hope. When the rites of initiation were passed, the tri-coloured robe was changed for one of green; in the second degree, the candidate was clothed in blue, and having surmounted all the dangers of the third, and arrived at the summit of perfection, he received the red tiara and flowing mantle of purest white. The ceremonies were numerous, the physical proofs painful, and the mental trials appalling. They commenced in the first degree, with placing the aspirant in the pastos, bed, or coffin, where his symbolical death was represented, and they terminated in the third, by his regeneration or restoration to life from the womb of the giantess Ceridwin, and the committal of the body of the newly born to the waves in a small boat, symbolical of the ark. The result was, generally, that he succeeded in reaching the safe landing-place that represented Mount Ararat, but if his arm was weak, or his heart failed, death was the almost inevitable consequence. If he refused the trial, through timidity, he was contemptuously rejected, and declared forever ineligible to participate in the sacred rites. But if he undertook it and succeeded, he was joyously invested with all the privileges of druidism.

The doctrines of the Druids were the same as those entertained by Pythagoras. They taught the existence of one Supreme Being; a future state of rewards and punishments; the immortality of the soul, and a metempsychosis;* and the object of their mystic rites was to communicate these doctrines in symbolic language.

With respect to the origin of the Druids, the most plausible theory seems to be that of Mr. Higgins, that the Celts, who practised the rites of Druidism, "first came from the east of the Caspian sea, bringing with them their seventeen letters, their festivals, and their gods." Without such a theory as this, we shall be unable to account for the analogy which existed between the rites of druidism and those of the other pagan mysteries, the

* Cæsar says of them: "In primis hoc volunt persuadere, non interire animos, sed ab aliis post mortem ad alios transire putant."-Bell. Gall., 1. vi.

latter of whom undoubtedly derived their origin from the mysteries of ancient India through those of Egypt.

DUE FORM. See Ample Form.

DUE GUARD. We are by this ceremony strongly reminded of the time and manner of taking our solemn vows of duty, and hence are duly guarded against any violation of our sacred promises as initiated members of a great moral and social institution.

E.

EAGLE, DOUBLE HEADED.

The double headed eagle is the ensign of the kingdom of Prussia, and as Frederick II. was the founder and chief of the 33d or ultimate degree of the Scotch or Ancient and Accepted rite, as it is now called, the double headed eagle has been adopted as the emblem or jewel of that degree, to denote its Prussian origin.

EAR OF CORN. This was, among all the ancients, an emblem of plenty. Ceres, who was universally worshipped as the goddess of abundance, and even called by the Greeks, Demeter, a manifest corruption of Gemeter, or mother earth, was symbolically represented with a garland on her head composed of ears of corn, a lighted torch in one hand, and a cluster of poppies and ears of corn in the other. And in the Hebrew, the most significant of all languages, the two words which signify an ear of corn, are both derived from roots which give the idea of abundance. For shibboleth, which is applicable both to an car of corn and a flood of water, has its root in shabal, to increase or to flow abundantly; and the other name of corn, dagan, is de