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plans for improvement of Negro teachers. Kentucky reports that every county in the State having a considerable number of Negro teachers must hold a teachers' institute of one week's duration. The other States are becoming more or less actively interested in summer schools for Negroes. Appropriations were made in Georgia, Alabama, and Louisiana for this work. In some instances the State appropriation is supplemented by the Slater fund. Many of the private schools also hold summer sessions.

The following list of summer schools is furnished by Monroe N. Work, of Tuskegee Institute:

Institute for Colored Youths, Cheyney, Pa.; North Carolina Agricultural and Mechanical College, Greensboro, N. C.; National Religious Training School, Durham, N. C.; Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, Ohio; Lane College, Jackson, Tenn.; Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, Ala.; West Virginia Colored Institute, Institute, W. Va.; Christiansburg Institute, Christiansburg, Va.; Virginia Union University, Richmond, Va.; Hampton Institute, Hampton, Va.; Summer School for Negro Ministers, under the auspices of Nashville Institute for Negroes, Nashville, Tenn.; Bowling Green, Mo.; State Normal Agricultural and Industrial School, Nashville, Tenn.; St. Paul Normal and Industrial Institute, Lawrenceville, Va.; Thyne Institute, Chase City, Va.; Princess Anne Academy, Princess Anne, Md.; Fort Valley Normal and Industrial School, Fort Valley, Ga.; Agricultural and Mechanical College, Orangeburg, S. C.; Prairie View Normal and Industrial College, Prairie View, Tex. State-aided summer schools were held as follows: Little Rock, Hope, Pine Bluff, Brinkley, and Dermott, Ark.; Austin, Clarksville, Dallas, Waco, Terrell, Atlanta, Mexia, and Fort Worth, Tex.; and an institute in each county in Alabama.

EDUCATIONAL MEETINGS.

November 12, 1913, the third annual session of the Conference of Negro Land-grant colleges was held in Washington, D. C., in connection with the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experimental Stations. Among the subjects discussed were: "What shall we expect of these schools?" "Place of agriculture in our system of education." "What are individual schools doing?"

State teachers' associations were held during the year as follows: Montgomery, Ala.; Atlanta, Ga.; Louisville, Ky.; New Orleans, La.; Jefferson City, Mo.; Tulsa, Okla,; West Tennessee Educational Congress; Negro Teachers' Association and School Improvement League of Virginia; Conference of Principals and Teachers of Secondary Schools of Virginia.

In 1914 the principal meeting was the National Association for Teachers in Colored Schools which met at Savannah, Ga., July 30 to August 2. This meeting was one of the largest and most enthusiastic ever held by the association. The National Negro Educational Congress met in Oklahoma City, July 7-10. In connection with the Sixteenth Conference for Education in the South there were two special conferences on the Negro, held at Richmond, Va., April 15-18.

The conferences were presided over by Dr. James H. Dillard, president of the Negro Rural School Board, and were

attended by white school officials, including superintendents of public instruction, State supervisors of industrial and elementary schools, school principals, members of educational boards and workers in the United States Bureau of Education, as well as by colored school officers.

The spirit of the conference was

characterized by a frank discussion of the best methods of helping Negro boys and girls to better living, better farming, and better home making through the medium of the common schools. Northerners, southerners, white men, and black men came together on the platform of better schools for the South.

A similar conference was held at the 1914 meeting of the Southern Educational Association. A new movement for race cooperation was inaugurated at the Young Men's Christian Association student conference presided over by Dr. John R. Mott. Cooperation of church and school and of white and Negro religious and educational leaders was stressed.

CHURCH BOARDS AND PRIVATE DONATIONS.

No large donations or increases in the annual appropriations to denominational schools were made during the past year. The American Missionary Association, under the management of the Congregational Church, started a campaign for a million-dollar offering as an emancipation jubilee endowment fund for the higher educational institutions connected with the associations. The Freedmen's Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church also started a campaign for a half-million dollars for its schools, $100,000 to be raised in colored conferences and $400,000 in white conferences. The denomi national boards are, however, strengthening their work by mutual aid. The agents of the American Church Institute for Negroes, the American Missionary Association, the Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen, the Freedmen's Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, the American Baptist Home Missionary Society, the Joanes and Slater Funds, and the Phelps-Stokes Fund met in Pittsburgh for the third time. Their plan is to work out the details of cooperation so that much duplication in their work for Negroes will be eliminated.

Of the private donations to Negro education during the year, probably the most significant was the offer of Mr. Julius Rosenwald to duplicate, up to $600, the money raised in any rural district in the South for a Negro school building. Mrs. Elizabeth Ellicott, of Baltimore, Md., by the terms of her will, probated May 20, 1914, provided that her estate, valued at $150,000, should after the death of her husband be devoted to the establishment of a school for the educational and social training of the colored race of the State of Maryland.

By the terms of the will of Miss Lucy Belknap, of Louisville, Ky., $10,000 has been set aside to be spent for the education of colored girls in the city of Louisville.

NEW EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS.

The strong interest in Negro public and private schools is evidenced in the list furnished by Monroe N. Work, of Tuskegee Institute, of new school and library buildings erected and planned during the past year.

Public schools.-In Washington, D. C., money has been provided for a new $250,000 building for Normal School No. 2; also for a new colored high school. The Cuyler Street public school, Savannah, Ga.; cost $55,000. The city council of Petersburg, Va., voted $100,000 to build two new colored schools. In March, a report from Nashville, Tenn., stated that a $200,000 high-school building had been promised the colored people by the school authorities. At Norfolk, Va., the school board appropriated $34,922 for a new colored school building. In Fanwood Township, N. J., $15,500 was appropriated for a 4-room school building for colored people. At Method, N. C., a $7,600 training school for Negroes has been erected; $1,200 of this amount was raised by colored people; the Jeanes Fund gives the equipment and will pay the salaries of the industrial teachers. The school board of Marion, Ark., special school district, accepted plans for a concrete and brick building for a negro schoolhouse that is to cost approximately $6,000. Within the last two years the Negroes of Caroline County, Va., have built twenty-two 3-room ungraded schools to cost $1,200 each, and one 3-room graded school costing $1,800. There are under construction three other schools to be ready for use this autumn; two are 2-room schools costing $1,200, and the other is a 4-room building costing $2,500.

Private schools.-A dining hall with a seating capacity of 500 is being erected at West Virginia Institute for Colored Youth. The Woman's Christian Missionary Society of Indianapolis has purchased 200 acres of land at Hopkinsville, Ky., on which an industrial school is to be established. The Baptist association at Saluda, S. C., purchased 18 acres of land on which is to be located a normal industrial high school. At West Falls Church, Va., the corner stone of the Providence Heights Industrial and Agricultural School for colored people was laid. At Birmingham, Ala., there is being established the Birmingham Baptist College. On September 16, the Central Park Normal and Industrial Institute was opened near Savannah, Ga. This institution is under the auspices of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. Memphis, Tenn., has been selected for the location of the proposed Negro Baptist theological seminary which is being established by the Southern Baptist Association, white, in cooperation with the National Baptist Convention, colored. The various societies and organizations of the Roman Catholic Church are carrying on an active educational campaign among the Negroes of both the North and South. The Sisterhood of the Blessed Sacrament, Miss Drexel, mother superior, has just opened a $100,000 parochial school in the Harlem District, New York. This is reported to be one of four schools that are to be opened. The others are to be in Boston, Cincinnati, and St. Louis. This will make a total of 16 schools that Mother Drexel has founded. At Tipton, Mo., an $80,000 building is being erected for the State Industrial Home for Negro Girls.

Library buildings.-In Houston, Tex., a $15,000 Carnegie library for colored people was opened. Mr. Andrew Carnegie has given $25,000 for the erection of a building for the colored branch of the Carnegie library at Nashville, Tenn., and $10,000 for a building for a colored library at Greensboro, N C. The Eastern Colored Branch Public Library at Louisville, Ky., has been opened. The site for this building cost

$5,000, of which sum $4,000 was paid by the city and $1,000 by the colored citizens. The buildings cost $22,674. A colored Carnegie library costing $12,000 has been opened in Savannah, Ga., and work has been begun on a colored Carnegie library in New Orleans, La.

COOPERATION.

It is especially significant that while the Negroes are doing more and more for themselves in the way of raising money for schools and interesting themselves in educational meetings, the agencies mentioned above are greatly increasing their efficiency by cooperating with one another and by urging cooperation of white people and Negroes for school improvement. Especially noteworthy in this respect are the efforts of the denominational boards to reach a working agreement with one another; the increasing tendency of special funds for Negro education to be directed by local school authorities; the increased attendance of white school officials on meetings where Negro education is discussed; and the efforts of the State supervisors of Negro schools to interest the local school authorities and prominent local citizens in public schools for the colored race.

CHAPTER XX.

RECENT PROGRESS IN THE EDUCATION OF IMMIGRANTS.

By H. H. WHEATON,

Supervising Investigator State Department of Labor and Industry, Harrisburg, Pa., and Special Collaborator Bureau of Education.

CONTENTS.-I. The problem: Inability to speak English-Illiteracy of foreign-born whites-School attendance.-II. Legislation affecting immigrant education: New Jersey's direct method-Acts authorizing evening schools-Camp school legislation-Compulsory education of illiterates-Special jurisdiction over immigrant education.-III. Special administrative features: Terms, sessions, and classesImportance of summer sessions-Inadequacy in number of schools and classes-Teachers of foreignersSpecial certificates-Compensation to teachers of foreign classes-Classification of pupils-Standardizing attendance-Deposits to secure regular attendance-Advertising school facilities.-IV. Content of English instruction.-V. Methods of teaching.-VI. Private agencies and immigrant education: Young Men's Christian Association-Church work among immigrants-Education of immigrants in the industries-Patriotic organizations-VII. Special organizations: The North American Civic League for Immigrants-Baron de Hirsch fund-Educational alliance-Organizations among foreigners.VIII.-Adult immigrant education in Canada.

I. THE PROBLEM.

INABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH.

In 1910 there were 2,953,011 foreign-born white persons in the United States 10 years of age and over unable to speak the English language, i. e., 22.8 per cent of the entire foreign-born population in this country. Of those 21 years and over, 2,565,212, or 22 per cent of our foreign-born white population, were so disqualified. Between the ages of 15 and 20 there were 330,994. In urban communities 22 per cent, as against 25.2 per cent in rural communities, were unable to speak English. New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Massachusetts, Ohio, New Jersey, Texas, Wisconsin, and Michigan each have over 100,000. New York State leads with 597,012. In the city of New York alone 421,951 persons are laboring under this disability, while in the eight principal cities of the United States the number totals 833,404. During the period 1900 to 1910 the number of white persons of foreign birth admitting inability to speak English increased 1,735,731.

Inability to speak English is obviously a barrier to friendly intercourse between Americans and foreigners. It affects to a large extent the employment of the foreign born; also their assimilation, since no foreign-born person can become a citizen of the United States until he speaks the English language. The importance of

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