36 additional institutions, including 9 polytechnics, 4 domestic economy schools, and 2 higher institutions, namely, the Imperial College of Science and Technology and the technical classes of University College. The evening classes in these various institutions registered in 1912 about 35,000 students, whereas, there were less than 4,000 in day classes. In addition to the appropriations made directly to these institutions, the council extends help to the students themselves in the form of scholarships. The trade scholarships for boys generally consist of free education and a maintenance allowance of £6 ($30) and £15 ($75) for the second and third years. The scholarships awarded for girls are for such trades as dressmaking, laundry work, upholstery, etc. As a rule these scholarships are for a period of two years, and, in addition to free education, allow £8 as a maintenance grant for the first year and £12 for the second. Attention is called to the importance of the consultative committees, which are the medium of relations between the trade schools and the trades themselves. On these committees the masters' associations, the workmen's associations, and the council are all represented.

The measures by which provision for the day training of young employees is taking place in England are illustrated by particulars pertaining to day classes for brass workers recently established in the city of Birmingham.

Both the workmen and the employers in the brass trades-the most important of the industries of this city-have shown a progressive spirit in all their relations. This is illustrated by the agreement between the employers and the brass workers' society for a scale of wages based upon the capacity of the workman, a graded scheme having been established which was first reported on October 17, 1910.

The agreement between employers and employed, as subsequently adopted, provides that:

1. The classes shall be held during the daytime from the hours of 8 to 12.30, and 2.30 to 6, and be confined to boys in the brass and allied trades.

2. Each pupil shall attend two half days per week.

3. The school shall be opened each day of the week (Monday to Friday) in order that only a few boys may be absent at a time (say, one-fifth).

4. It shall be available for all boys from 14 to 16 years of age. In the beginning a full two years' course for boys starting under the age of 16 years may be given by arrangement.

5. The wages of boys shall be paid by the employers and the brass workers' society in certain proportions. The secretary of the brass workers' society has stated that he would be responsible for a maximum contribution of £25 ($122) per annum.

6. The school authorities shall find teachers (whole-time teachers as far as possible), buildings, tools, and equipment, and also have the approving of the curriculum, the trade to find trade materials, models, and to assist in maintaining attendance and interest in the school.

7. The majority of the management committee shall consist of representatives proposed by the manufacturers and workmen in the brass and allied trades, subject to confirmation by the education authority.

8. The evening class at the technical school shall be continued, with a view to its becoming an advanced class for adults.

Firms interested in the brass trades have agreed to guarantee a total number of 105 boys to attend these classes.

The most important feature of the scheme is the contribution by employers and by the brass workers' society toward the wages of the boys during the period of their instruction in the daytime.1

TABLE 6.-Statistics of higher schools (secondary and technical), England and Wales, in receipt of grant from the board of education.

SCOPE OF THE SYSTEM OF PUBLIC EDUCATION.

Universal provision for elementary education has so long existed in Scotland, and its importance is so generally recognized, that progress is marked only by extensions and adaptations of the system. Education acts in Scotland have comprehensive scope in decided contrast with the piecemeal legislation of England. The latter proceeds by filling up gaps when they threaten disaster; the former builds on the solid foundation of the act of 1872, which preserved the old parish and burgh system. The parish school fitted its foremost pupils for the university, and the burgh school added to this function that of preparing young men for business careers. The education act of 1872 maintained the best features of both by a compulsory clause, uniform for the entire country, and by distinct recognition of the existing secondary schools. Subsequent experience has shown the need of areas of school administration larger than the parish, while the complex demands of modern life call for new agencies of secondary education. The education act of 1908 extended the scope of school board activities, but left the parish areas as they were. At the same time, it provided for the increase and wider adaptations of the agencies of secondary education. The additional duties placed upon school boards by the act of 1908 emphasize the need of areas of local administration wider than the parishes, and as this is a matter affecting also the tenure and pecuniary support of teachers, it continues to be the end toward which efforts at new school legislation are mainly directed. These efforts, however, have had no

1 Statement furnished by Mr. Albert Halstead, American consul, Birmingham, July, 1914.

definite outcome during the present year. The only measure before Parliament affecting education in Scotland was the finance bill, emanating from the chancellor of the exchequer, which carried additional grants for education in both England and Scotland. The extra grant available in Scotland for the four months ending December 31, 1914, amounts to £71,000 ($355,000).

Statistics of primary and higher grade schools, 1912-13.

The welfare activities of the local school authorities include provision for medical school inspection, for feeding necessitous school children, and for the vocational guidance of the young. In respect to these activities Scotland is affording lessons of great value to other countries. The second report on medical inspection issued by the department shows that the service is now organized throughout Scotland and is generally coordinated with the public health service.

In view of exigencies arising from the European war, the department has issued a special circular to school boards, calling their attention to the extensive relief powers conferred upon them by the recent measure and urging that the boards, "while taking all due precautions against waste and needless expenditure, will make a liberal use of their powers under the act to meet all cases of genuine distress."

The letter further advises that school boards should work in this matter in close relations with all committees and public bodies dealing with problems of unemployment and distress in their respective areas.

EDINBURGH SCHEME FOR DEALING WITH CHILD NEGLECT AND

CHILD RELIEF.

The duties which a school board may undertake in dealing with cases of child neglect and necessity may be seen from the scheme. formulated by the school board of Edinburgh. The population of

1 Total net ordinary expenditure (excluding capital outlay) for 1911-12.

the city is 320,318, exceeded only by that of Glasgow, namely, 775,594. With the exception of the latter, Edinburgh has to deal with more poverty than any other city in this division of Great Britain, and therefore requires a more complex scheme of relief operations than many. The plan adopted is applicable in all cities having similar conditions, and in respect to scope and method is suggestive for even smaller communities. Its main features are as follows:

The scheme is divided into two main sections: (a) Child neglect, (b) child relief. As regards the former, there are seven types under which neglect is classified, viz, insufficient food, insufficient boots, insufficient clothing, neglect of medical treatment, vermin of head, vermin of body, and condition of dirt. For each of these types there is a procedure which has the following steps: White card of first warning, red card of second warning, certificate of neglect to the board, statutory notice to the parents and summons to the board, transmission of case to the procurator fiscal for prosecution. The white and red cards are issued by the head master to the parent; the certificate of neglect is signed by the head master and medical officer; and the neglectful parent, when summoned before the board, is given an opportunity of explaining the circumstances of the neglect.

During the year 1912-13 the number of statutory notices served upon parents (under section 6 of the act) for the various forms of child neglect was as follows:

Twenty-one parents were summoned before the board. In one case the parent was convicted at the sheriff court, and a penalty of 20s. or ten days' imprisonment was imposed.

In respect to the success of the system the Edinburgh school board received a series of reports from head masters, which are summarized as follows:

(1) That the card system has had most beneficial effects in improving the condition of neglected children and in enforcing parental responsibility for neglect.

(2) That the system of inquiry by which the cases of culpable neglect are separated from those of real destitution has been thorough and effective.

(3) That the arrangements made for the supply of meals from the cooking center have been very satisfactory, both as regards quality of food and method of distribution.

(4) That a real improvement in the condition of the children fed has been noted and a correspondingly increased aptitude for school work.

(5) That the educational effect of eating meals under supervision and in satisfactory surroundings has been marked.

(6) That the machinery of inquiry into cases of neglect and of enrollment on the feeding list is somewhat slow.

Commenting upon the opinions, the board in its official report

says:

The question of accelerating the system of inquiry is under careful consideration; but it must be borne in mind that a more rapid method of investigation might be less thorough and might fail in uniformity of treatment.

Reference in some of the reports is made to the fact that parents decline to fill up the schedule of application, though the children obviously require food, and the inference is that nothing more can be done. This is an entirely wrong conclusion. Cases such as these are exactly the cases for the penal side of the board's procedure, and head masters should have no hesitation in so dealing with them. The act is explicit on the point, and it does not even lie in the option of the board to ignore cases of the type in question. It is hoped that all concerned will realize this aspect of the duty of the education authority and take steps accordingly.

LINK BETWEEN ELEMENTARY AND HIGHER EDUCATION.

The relations long existing between the parish schools and the universities of Scotland prevented the general establishment of schools intermediate between the two and threw upon the universities a great deal of preparatory work which could not be satisfactorily accomplished in the parish schools. While England was rich in endowments for secondary education, endowments in Scotland prior to 1872 went chiefly to elementary education or to the universities. Under the impulse of the education act of 1872 elementary schools became more and more differentiated from the higher education, while at the same time the universities were forced to abandon preparatory work. The Scotch authorities have been obliged, therefore, to create agencies for intermediate education and link them to the elementary schools on the one side and to the universities on the other.

FUNDS FOR ELEMENTARY EDUCATION.

The Edinburgh Merchant Company were pioneers in the field of secondary education. An attempt was made to turn other agencies in the same direction by the endowed institutions act of 1878. This act, however, which was permissive merely, had little effect upon the managers of trust funds, and hence it was followed in 1882 by the educational endowment act under which commissioners were appointed to inquire into the management of all educational endowments in Scotland, excepting those given after 1872, or those belonging to the universities or to theological institutions. The commissioners were also authorized to draw up schemes for the future administration of the endowments falling within their inquiry and to pass upon schemes submitted by governing bodies. The gross income of the endowments dealt with by provisional orders and schemes under the act of 1882 is about £184,000 ($920,000) yearly.