CONTENTS

VOLUME II

DISINTEGRATION AND FOREIGN INTERVENTION

LIST OF PRINCIPAL PERSONS

LIST OF PAPERS--.

CHAPTER

I. SIBERIA AND MANCHURIA

Discussion of the contemplated dispatch of Japanese troops to Siberia:

Russian attitude-Bolshevik activities in Siberia and Manchuria-

The formation of local governments-Proposed use of Chinese

troops in the zone of the Chinese Eastern Railway-The dispatch

of warships to Vladivostok-French suggestion of Allied and

American intervention: attitude of the United States___.

Proposed Japanese occupation of the Trans-Siberian Railway-The

reported activities of German and Austro-Hungarian prisoners—

British and Japanese support of Semenov..

Declaration of the American Government against intervention, March

5, 1918: further discussion-Further reports concerning enemy

prisoners-Japanese offer of support to Horvat....

Landing of Japanese forces at Vladivostok, April 5, 1918;

British

landing: attitude of the United States-Formation of the autono-

mous Siberian government, the Far Eastern Committee, and the

Chinese Eastern Railway Governing Board-The Webster-Hicks

reports on armed prisoners-Appearance of the Czecho-Slovaks__

Attitude of the United States toward Siberian political organizations:

relations of diplomatic and consular officers with them-Advance

and repulse of Semenov-Appeals, recommendations, and plans

for intervention....

Clashes between the Czecho-Slovaks and Soviet forces: good offices of

American and French Consuls---

Consideration of intervention by the American Government-De-

velopment of the Czecho-Slovaks' conflict with Soviet forces-Pro-

test of the Allied and American representatives against the disarma-

ment of the Czecho-Slovaks-Good offices of American officials-

Formation of the temporary Siberian government at Omsk..........

Request of the Czecho-Slovak leaders for aid in establishing a new

eastern front-Overthrow of the Vladivostok Soviet by the Czecho-

Slovaks Landing of American marines-Proclamation of the

protection of Vladivostok by commanders of Allied and Associated

forces-Proclamation of a government by Horvat: controversy

with other political organizations...

American proposals for military action, July 17, 1918: discussion

with the Japanese and British Governments-Chinese request for

participation-Rivalry of local organizations.

CHAPTER

I. SIBERIA AND MANCHURIA—(Continued)

Page

Japanese and American public statements regarding military action,

August 2 and 3, 1918-British statement, August 8, 1918___

Proposals for the political direction of intervention and for augmenta-

tion of the forces: attitude of the United States-Japanese activi-

ties in Manchuria-Arrival of American and Allied troops at

Vladivostok-Increase of the Japanese forces-Reply of the Soviet

government to American and Japanese statements..

Special mission of Ambassador Morris to Vladivostok: his recommen-

dation that an American force be sent to Omsk-Westward move-

ment of the Czecho-Slovaks from Vladivostok: reverses on the

Volga-Formation of a government by Constituent Assembly dele-

gates at Samara: conference at Ufa with other organizations___

Declaration restricting American operations, September 26, 1918-

Formation of the all-Russian provisional government at Ufa:

fusion with the Siberian government at Omsk-Further increase of

Japanese forces --

Representations of the American Government against the size of

Japanese forces and the degree of control assumed in Manchuria

and Siberia, November 16, 1918-The establishment of Kolchak

as Supreme Governor at Omsk, November 18, 1918-Refusal of

Semenov to recognize Kolchak's authority.---

Representations of the American Government against Japanese sup-

port of Semenov, December 16, 1918-Continuance of the con-

flict-Reduction of the Japanese forces-

II. THE NORTHERN REGION

Opposition in Archangel to the Soviet régime-German threat through

Finland to the Murman Railway-Shipment of arms and stores

to the interior of Russia-British requests for the dispatch of Ameri-

can forces to Murmansk-Arrival of a French warship-Landing

of armed forces-Allied cooperation with the Murmansk Soviet-

Arrival of an American cruiser-German and Soviet demands for

withdrawal of Allied and American forces-Agreement of July 6,

1918, with the Murmansk Soviet-Argument of the Consul at

Archangel against intervention....

Occupation of Archangel by Allied forces, August 2, 1918-Overthrow

of the Soviet and formation of the Supreme government of the

northern region-Relations with the Allied and American diplo-

matic representatives and military authorities-Arrival of Ameri-

can troops, September 4, 1918...

Coup d'état of September 5, 1918: restoration of the deposed govern-

ment through efforts of the American Ambassador-Protest of

the American Government against the conduct of the British com-

mander in chief-Plan of the reinstated ministers to resign in favor

of the Samara government: efforts of the American Ambassador

to dissuade them...

324

339

364

392

433

462

468

505

521

CHAPTER

Page

II. THE NORTHERN REGION-(Continued)

Proposal for increasing the American forces at Archangel and extend-

ing the operations: refusal of the American Government, Septem-

ber 26, 1918-Reorganization of the local government: subordina-

tion to the all-Russian government at Omsk-Disapproval of the

Ambassador's plan to recruit an American-Slavic legion-Replace-

ment of the commander in chief-Disaffection among the Ameri-

can soldiers and among the local Russian recruits.

Retention of American and Allied troops in north Russia after the

armistice with Germany-Local attitude toward the Kolchak

government at Omsk...

III. SOUTHEASTERN RUSSIA AND THE CAUCASUS

Nationalist and anti-Bolshevik movements: the Don Cossacks under

Kaledin, the Southeastern federation, the Trans-Caucasus, the

Volunteer Army under Alexeev and Kornilov-Attitude of the

American and Allied Governments toward de facto political and

military authorities___

Bolshevik, Turkish, and German advances-Formation of the inde-

pendent states of North Caucasus, Georgia, Armenia, and Azer-

baijan-The Cossack organization under Krasnov-Revival of

the Volunteer Army: succession of Denikin as its commander-For-

mation of a governmental commission attached to the army-Recog-

nition by it of the supreme authority of Kolchak...

IV. THE UKRAINE AND THE CRIMEA

Establishment of a Ukrainian government-Relations with the Soviet

government, the Central powers, and the Allies-The treaty of

Brest Litovsk with the Central powers, February 9, 1918-----

Capture of Kiev and Odessa by the Bolsheviks and subsequently by

the Austro-German forces-Austro-German occupation of the

Ukraine and the Crimea-Establishment of the Skoropadski gov-

ernment in the Ukraine, April 29, 1918-The Crimean govern-

ment of Sulkevich-Exploitation of these regions by the Central

powers-Appeal of the Ukrainian National Council to President

Wilson, October 15, 1918..

Declaration of the intention of the Allied Governments to maintain

order in the Ukraine-Landing of Allied troops at Odessa-Es-

tablishment of the Directory by Petlyura__

V. BESSARABIA

The Moldavian Republic: military support by Rumania-Announce-

ment by the Soviet government of a state of war with Rumania:

expulsion of the Rumanian Minister and sequestration of Ruma-

nian gold-Agreement between Rumania and the Soviet govern-

ment, March 9, 1918-Union of Bessarabia with Rumania, April

9, 1918.

544

567

578

618

648

671

699

707

CHAPTER

Page

VI. FINLAND

Indefinite relations with the Russian Provisional Government-

Autonomy law passed by the Diet, July 18, 1917-Dissolution of

the Diet; elections of October 2, 1917—Labor disturbances in protest

against bourgeois control__

Proclamation of independence, December 4-6, 1917: attitude of the

American and other governments-Recognition by Sweden, Nor-

way, Denmark, and France, January 4-10, 1918-Seizure of

power by the Red Guards; civil war with the White Guards under

Mannerheim-Swedish occupation of the Åland Islands-Request

for American recognition by commissioners of the White govern-

ment: counter-representations by the delegate of the Red govern-

ment Appeals for food....

Treaties between Finland and the Soviet government, March 1, 1918,

and between Finland and the German Government, March 7, 1918.

German military intervention against the Red Guards; victory of the

White Guards-Advances into Karelia and toward the Murman

Railway-New negotiations with the Soviet government--

British, French, and American attitude toward the White govern-

ment and representatives of the former Red government-Resig-

nation of Mannerheim-Monarchist movement: election of Fred-

erick Carl of Hesse, October 9, 1918...

Withdrawal of German troops-Formation of a new government under

Mannerheim-Decision of the American Government to ship food-

VII. THE BALTIC COUNTRIES

Appeals from Esthonia and Latvia for support of independence: attitude

of Great Britain-Declaration of the independence of Lithuania and

request for recognition: attitude of the United States; recognition

by Germany-Movement by the Baltic Germans for a monarchy in

personal union with Prussia: qualified response by the German

Government-Protests by delegates of the Esthonian Provisional

Government: reception of these delegates by the British, French,

and Italian Governments-Refusal of visa for an Esthonian delegate

to the United States-Protest of the Lettish National Committee

against German rule; claim to independence-British project for a

Lettish legion: attitude of the United States___.

The question of protection of the Baltic countries from Bolshevism

upon withdrawal of the German troops: Attempts to enlist the help

of the Scandinavian countries-Postponement of German with-

drawal in the armistice-Formation of national governments in

Esthonia, Latvia, and Lithuania-Reservation of consideration of

national claims by the United States until the peace conference-

Dispatch of a British naval force to the Baltic Sea-German with-

drawal and Bolshevik advance-Yudenich's project of an anti-

Bolshevik force to take Petrograd.-

723

733

769

777

811

815

838

LIST OF PRINCIPAL PERSONS1

Alexeev, Gen. M. V., from March to June 1917 Commander in Chief of the Rus

sian Army; in September 1917 Chief of Staff; after the November revolution took part in the Don in the formation of the Volunteer Army; in August 1918 Chief Director of that army.

Avksentiev, N. D., a leader of the Socialist-Revolutionist Party and Minister of
the Interior in the first cabinet of Kerensky; leading member of the Ufa
Directory (later the Directory of the all-Russian government, Omsk).
Baker, Newton D., Secretary of War.

Bakhmeteff, Boris A., head of the Extraordinary Embassy from Russia to the
United States; July 5, 1917, Russian Ambassador at Washington.
Baldwin, Capt. (later Maj.) Karl, Military Attaché at Tokyo.

Balfour, Arthur J., British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.

Barclay, Colville A. de R., Counselor of the British Embassy at Washington. Bliss, Gen. Tasker H., Chief of Staff, U.S.A., September 22 to December 31, 1917; member of the Allied Conference, 1917; member of the Supreme War Council in France.

Brusilov, Gen. A. A., in 1916 Commander of the Russian offensive in Galicia; from June to July 1917 Commander in Chief of the Russian Army. Buchanan, Sir George W., British Ambassador at Petrograd.

Caldwell, John K., Consul at Vladivostok.

Cecil, Robert, Lord, British Minister of Blockade and Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.

Chaikovski, N. V., President of the Supreme government of the northern region; member of the Ufa Directory (later the Directory of the all-Russian government, Omsk).

Chenkelli, A. I., member of the Fourth Russian Duma; Georgian Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Chicherin, George V., Acting Soviet Commissar for Foreign Affairs, March 13, 1918; Commissar for Foreign Affairs, May 30, 1918.

Clemenceau, Georges E. B., from November 16, 1917, to January 20, 1920, French Premier and Minister for War.

Cole, Felix, Vice Consul (later Consul) at Archangel.

Crosby, Oscar T., delegate of the Treasury to the Inter-Allied Council on War Purchases and Finance.

Crosley, Capt. Walter S., Naval Attaché in Russia.

Czernin, Ottokar, Graf von und zu Chudenitz, Austro-Hungarian Minister for Foreign Affairs.

Daniels, Josephus, Secretary of the Navy.

Davison, Henry P., Chairman of the War Council of the American Red Cross. Denikin, Gen. A. I., from April to June 1917 Chief of Staff of the Russian Army;

from June to September 1917 successively commander of the western and southwestern fronts; after the November revolution took part in the Don in the formation of the Volunteer Army; succeeded Kornilov in April 1918 as commander of that army.

1 Reference has been made to Khronika Grazhdanskoi Voiny v Sibiri (V. Maksakov and A. Turunov, compilers, Moscow, 1926) for data concerning Siberian officials.