for your remembrance, but for enabling me to keep by me a work the value of which I so thoroughly know and appreciate. I wish I could send you something in return; but my work in theology is not to write, but to teach candidates. This year has completed the quarter century of my own Divinity School, from which nearly 250 clergy have gone out into the Church.

I will add here in conclusion the Bishop of St. Andrews' own note on 'Sacerdotalism' prepared for this volume:

All Christians are Priests, as all Israel was a Priestly Nation; but, as under the law, so now under the Gospel there is an unction-a special element of xápioμa (this Principal Tulloch allowed) given to rightly ordained ministers of Christ, by which they are separated from the Laity, to enable them to discharge in a more effectual manner the functions of their sacred office and for the benefit of those to whom they minister-and that there may be no confusion in the Body, but order and good government.

This Dean Stanley denied, and Bishop Lightfoot does not seem to admit (MS. Note-book,' ii. 36).

CHAPTER VII

RESIDENCE AT ST. ANDREWS AND LAST EFFORTS AT REUNION.

1876-1892

'He who would win the name of truly great
Must understand his own age and the next,
And make the present ready to fulfil

Its prophecy, and with the future merge

Gently and peacefully, as wave with wave.'

From J. R. LOWELL, A Glance behind the Curtain.

Reasons for the Bishop's removal to St. Andrews-Influence on him of the learned Society there-Retrospect The Church Service Society' founded in 1867—Its influence on Presbyterian worship-The Bishop renews his efforts Lambeth Conference of 1878-Lord Bute's Breviary-Sermon at the Consecration of Edinburgh Cathedral (1879)-Correspondence with Dr. Milligan (1880)—Duke of Argyll—The 'St. Giles's Lectures ' (1880–1)—His criticism in Discourse on Scottish Church History'-Its characterLetter from 'A Son of Toil'-Summary of the Bishop's views on Church polity-Prospects of Reconciliation' (1882) drawn out by Milligan's conduct as Moderator-Dr. Sprott's theory of two orders '-How far supported-Presentation of portrait-Invitations to preach in College Church and Parish Church, St. Andrews, accepted (1884)-Letter to Dean Johnston-Archbishop Benson's general sympathy with his efforts -Description of a University Sermon at St. Andrews by the poet Robert F. Murray-Important article on Union or Separation' (May 1884)—Its influence on the position of the Bishop at the Seabury CommemorationAddress prepared for that event-Article on Archbishop Hamilton's Catechism' (January 1885)—Death of Bishop Christopher Wordsworth (March 1885)-Relation of the Brothers-The Case of non-Episcopal Ordination Fairly Considered' (3 September, 1885)—'Public Appeals' (two vols.), published 1886-Suggestion that Presbyterian Orders, though irregular, may be valid Address at Aberdeen University (February 1886)-Invitation to lecture at St. Cuthbert's, Edinburgh-Changes in the Episcopate Bishop Dowden consecrated and Bishop Jermyn elected Primus (21 September, 1886)-Charge on 'Book of Common Prayer'— Jenny Geddes-Bishop Dowden, with his Chapter, objects to St. Cuthbert's Lecture -'The Yoke of Christ to be Borne in Youth' published (1887) Letters from Presbyterians and others-Dr. Cunningham's 'Lee

Lecture' discouraging-Other publications- Jubilee Tract'-'Question of a Metropolitan '-Letter to Archbishop Benson-Ecclesiastical Union between England and Scotland '—Case of the Donatists—Wide proposals of Committee of Lambeth Conference (July 1888)-Charge of August 1888 On Lambeth Conference '-Invitation to preach before University of Edinburgh: 'A Three-fold Rule of Christian Duty'—The author's own judgment: discussion of principle, precedent, and expediency-These indicate weak points in the Bishop of St. Andrews' scheme-Further opinion reserved-Obvious points emphasized-Duty of co-operation in practical work.

Happy alteration in the Bishop's relation to St. Ninian's-Healthy influence of 'Supernumeraries,' Revs. S. B. Hodson and G. T. Farquhar -Bishop uses Cathedral again 1882 onwards-Death of Provost Burton and appointment of Provost V. L. Rorison-Lord Glasgow's failure: a blessing in disguise-New life of Cathedral (1886-1890)-Consecration of Nave (7 August, 1890)--Verses to G. T. Farquhar-The Provost made Dean and Rev. A. S. Aglen Archdeacon-Charge describing work of General Synod (1890)—Charge 'On Old Testament Criticism' (1891)— Analogy from reaction against Wolfian theory of Homeric poemsPresent of a chair and pastoral staff (April 1892)—Continued literary activity-Last Charge read by Dean (October 1892)—Untoward incident -Final words on Reunion-Foundation of 'Scottish Church Society'Last illness and death (5 December, 1892)-Burial in Cathedral yard.

Summary of the Bishop's public services by Dr. Danson and Canon Farquhar His supposed egotism-His belief in the reality of the movement among leading Presbyterians-Testimony of Dr. James Cooper.

THE following is the Bishop's own account of the reasons which actuated him in his removal to St. Andrews:

The lease of the house which I had occupied [at Perth] for nearly nineteen years was now expiring, and as my landlord insisted upon raising the rent, which I thought unreasonable (as I had done much and spent large sums in improving both the house and grounds), I determined not to renew it. Had my relations with St. Ninian's been such as I could have wished, I should have been very unwilling to remove from Perth; but as this was not so, and as no other suitable house was to be had in the town or immediate neighbourhood, I was obliged to look out for a residence elsewhere; and the offer of Bishop's Hall, then for sale at a price greatly below the original cost, tempted me to St. Andrews. The situation of St. Andrews at an extreme corner of the Diocese, while Perth was at the very centre, was a serious drawback; but, in other respects, its recommendations as a residence for the Bishop in comparison with

Perth, were great and obvious. The building of Bishop's Hall was larger than I required, though I had then seven daughters at home. But I had means of turning its accommodation to account for the benefit of my clergy, and in other ways. Perth, for so large a town, was deficient in literary society, and, when the trouble of the removal was over, I felt at once a pride and a pleasure in finding myself among men such as Principals Tulloch and Shairp, Dr. Boyd, Professors Baynes, Campbell, Mitchell, Roberts, Crombie, Dr. Rodger and, later on, Professor Knight, to say nothing of the society of occasional visitors during the summer months; while in the other parts of the year the presence of the young men at the university afforded objects of interest of a different and a higher kind.

In another note he mentions also Principal Cunningham (who succeeded Tulloch) as one of those whose acquaintance he made during the later part of his life at St. Andrews, and calls it 'a literary and clerical society nowhere to be surpassed.'

There can be no doubt that this period of the Bishop's life was in most respects far happier than that which had preceded it. It also clearly deepened his conviction of the necessity of making some practical concessions to Presbyterians, in respect to their orders, if reconciliation was to be attained. I attribute this conviction not a little to the personal society of the good and able Presbyterian teachers into which he was thrown, whom he found to be, or thought to be, ready to accept Episcopacy if the manner of its acceptance could be tempered so as to avoid subjecting them to humiliation. He saw what an immense blessing a national Episcopal Church of Scotland would be if it embraced such men, and he saw also that the existing Episcopal Church was unable to claim anything like equality with the Establishment in the number of its learned sons, while in its general hold upon the people it was miserably inferior.

We have seen that at the time when the Bishop intermitted his Reunion work in 1867 the Established Church began to move internally in the organisation of its own forces. In that year the Church Service Society' was founded for the study of the Ancient Liturgies and the preparation of suitable offices for public worship '—thus using the liberty which Dr. Robert Lee had vindicated for the Clergy of his Communion. The formation of the Society was suggested by Dr. Sprott, an independent inquirer in this field. The Society took its origin among the Glasgow clergy, on the invitation of Mr. George Campbell, Minister of Eastwood. Naturally its leaders were what could be called High Churchmen,' viz. Principal P. C. Campbell, of Aberdeen, Mr. Campbell, and Dr. Sprott; but though Dr. Lee did not favour it, younger men of his school, Broad Churchmen of the older type,' such as Principal Tulloch and Dr. Story, joined it, and the latter especially took a prominent share in its formation.

Its chief work was the remarkable Euchologion' or Book of Common Order,' which has passed through many editions and is extensively used. It provides forms for the two great Sacraments, and for the sacramental acts of Marriage and Ordination, and also for Burial. It has provided for the orderly reading of Holy Scripture, and revived the celebration of Marriage in church, and the use of a Burial Service at the graveside. It has helped to restore the observance of the chief Festivals of the Church by the provision of Lessons and Collects. Principal Tulloch was instrumental in procuring the insertion in it of the Nicene Creed.

This movement went on side by side with such Liturgical developments and enrichments as we have been

In the following sentences I have followed Dr. James Cooper, The Revival of Church Principles in the Church of Scotland (Oxford, 1895).