6

named in connection with the latter place. From this point something like Diocesan Episcopacy begins in the North of Scotland. The Bishop living in St. Andrews received or assumed the title of Episcopus Scottorum' or 'Scotorum,' or Episcopus Primus (or Maximus) Scotorum,' keeping, however, his residence in the old Culdean Monastery of Kirkheugh, which was situate east of the Cathedral and overlooking the harbour. The first Bishop of St. Andrews who established himself in a separate dwelling was, characteristically enough, an Englishman, Roger, son of the Earl of Leicester, who built the castle at the end of the twelfth century (A.D. 1200). Yet it was not till towards the close of the thirteenth century that the definite title Bishop of St. Andrews' appears on the seal of William Fraser or Frazer (1279-1297 A.D.). To the Bishop of this See was accorded by custom a kind of Primacy. Nevertheless, it was not for a century and three quarters after the death of Bishop Fraser that St. Andrews acquired the dignity of a metropolitan and archiepiscopal see. This was in the person of Patrick Graham, who in the year 1472 received the corresponding titles from Pope Sixtus IV.,2 and thus ousted the much disputed metropolitical claims of the Archbishop of York. It is Scoan, devoverunt custodiri. Ab hoc die collis hoc meruit nomen i.e. Collis Credulitatis. Et in suo viii. anno cecidit excelsissimus rex Hybernensium, et archiepiscopus, apud Laignechos, i. Cormace filius Culenan,' etc. . . . 'et in senectute decrepitus [R. Constantinus] baculum cepit, et domino servivit et regnum mandavit Mael filio Domnail.' According to Pinkerton, this chronicle was written about A.D. 1020.

1 It was used, however, somewhat earlier in the attestation of Charters (see Dr. J. F. S. Gordon's Scotichronicon, i. 175, Glasgow, 1867). Roger (1188-1202), before his consecration, is described on his seal as Electus Sancti Andree,' ib. p. 145. Frazer, on one seal, is also Scottorum episcopus, p. 174. It is noted that the Culdees were excluded for the first time from voting for Frazer's predecessor, Wm. Wishart, in 1273.

2 Lyon's St. Andrews, i. 233; Grub, E. H. S. i. 376.

The southern part of Scotland was no doubt in the province of York, but an attempt was made to claim supremacy over the whole kingdom. In

very remarkable that Scotland was so long in arriving at this point of development, since as early as A.D. 816 the Anglo-Saxon Council of Celchyth had made it a reason amongst others for suspecting men in Scottish (which of course included Irish) orders that they acknowledge no metropolitans.' But whilst Ireland had long accepted the authority of Armagh, Scotland had before and during the Church Revolution of the sixteenth century only a short and tragic succession of seven Archbishops of St. Andrews, two of whom were boys and two were murdered.2

The foundation of the second See of the United Diocese, that of Dunkeld, is referred to the reign of Alexander I. (A.D. 1124), the first Bishop being named Cormac, to whom, besides the present Diocese of Dunkeld (including Dunfermline), were probably also assigned the territories afterterwards divided between the Bishops of Dunblane and Argyll. At the same time the Scottish provinces on the left bank of the Spey, to the north-west and north of Perthshire, were formed into the Bishopric of Murray.

The erection or restoration of Dunblane is attributed to David I., the son of Malcolm and St. Margaret, about A.D. 1150, when the number of Dioceses was further increased to its full extent, with the exception of Edinburgh, founded in the time of Charles I.

1126, just after the foundation of the Sees of Dunkeld and Murray, an effort was made at Rome to obtain the pallium for St. Andrews, but it was successfully opposed by Thurston, Archbishop of York (see Grub, E. H. S. i. p. 264).

See Haddan and Stubbs' Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents, iii. 581; cp. Wilkins' Concilia, i. 170. A similar canon was enacted at Chalons on the Saone in 813, but it went even further in declaring ordinations by Scottish Bishops to be null. See Labbe, Concilia, vii. 1821; Grub, E. H. S. i. 127-8.

21. William Schives or Shevez; 2. James Stewart (aged 21); 3. Alexander Stewart (a youth of 18-23 years, natural son of King James IV., who fell with his father at Flodden); 4. Andrew Forman; 5. James Beaton; 6. Cardinal David Beaton; and 7. John Hamilton. The two last were murdered.

Bishop Wordsworth felt the importance of his position in succeeding to so wide an inheritance, if not of power yet of tradition. It may not be out of place to quote here from an important address which he delivered some years later to the clergy and laity of the Diocese,' in which, after sketching the history of the three Dioceses to his own time, he passes to their present condition with some words of graceful appreciation of the most distinguished of his predecessors.

Before I proceed to take account of their present condition, I feel that, after a retrospect which has shown us much to deplore, it would be inexcusable if I failed to pay some tribute of respectful and grateful commemoration to those among my predecessors who have been most deservedly eminent to Turgot in the See of St. Andrews (A.D. 1109-1115), the chaplain and, after her death, the biographer of the saintly Queen Margaret; to James Kennedy in the See first of Dunkeld and afterwards of St. Andrews (1436-1466), the munificent founder of St. Salvador's College, and in this and other respects the William of Wykeham of our Scottish Church; to Gavin Douglas in the See of Dunkeld (1516-1527), our Scottish Chaucer; to John Spottiswoode, Archbishop of St. Andrews2 (1615-1639), who, having died in London, was honoured by burial in Westminster Abbey; to Robert Leighton, in the See of Dunblane (1661-1673), our Scottish Fénelon; to Thomas Rattray, in the See of Dunkeld (1727-1743), equally memorable for his theological attainments and for his services in securing to our Church, as disestablished, the basis of the pure Scriptural and Apostolical constitution which it now enjoys.3

The Diocese, as now consolidated, had not, indeed, very long been so large in extent as it is at present. The name

1 At a Conference held at Perth, reprinted from the Perthshire Journal and Constitutional of Thursday, 1 October, 1868. See Chap. VI. below. 2 The historian.

"This refers to his securing the restoration of Diocesan Episcopacy against the system of College Bishops.' He was owner of Craig Hall, in a romantic situation, near Blairgowrie, in Perthshire.

of the See of St. Andrews had been for 140 years in abeyance, since the death of Archbishop Ross in June 1704 (when the primacy and metropolitical jurisdiction of that See came to an end), until 1844. The nonjuring Bishops appear to have been afraid of trenching on the prerogatives of the Sovereign whom they acknowledged, which they supposed to include that of assigning jurisdiction to particular prelates. They had, in fact, tied their own hands by assent to the Assertory Act' of 1669, under which Archbishop Burnet was suspended, and Leighton (nominally at least) translated to Glasgow. At first they were so timid as to drop all Diocesan titles, but these, after an interval, were revived under Bishop Rattray's influence. It is not quite clear why they shrunk from the further step of reviving the Archbishopric, since the assignment of metropolitan jurisdiction is no more part of the prerogative than the distribution of Dioceses. But probably they were afraid of alarming their countrymen, to whom the traditions of Archbishops were worse even than those of simple prelacy. However this may have been, in the temporary arrangements then and thereafter made, the county of Fife was treated as a Diocese, with no special pre-eminence, sometimes being administered alone and sometimes in conjunction with other districts. It was not till September 1844 that it was determined, by an Episcopal Synod held at Edinburgh, that the ancient name should be restored, and from that date Bishop Torry took the title of Bishop of St. Andrews, Dunkeld, and Dunblane.'

The Diocese thus constituted consists of the entire counties of Fife and Kinross, the whole of Perthshire except the Carse of Gowrie, Clackmannan (less Alloa), two parishes

'Grub, E. H. S. iv. 250. Cp. iii. 346 foll. Before that date he was for a time Bishop of Dunkeld, Dunblane, and Fife' (Neale's Life of Torry, p. 202).

of Stirlingshire, and a great part of Forfar. In naming this district the fairest portion of the Northern Kingdom' I am but accepting the judgment of Sir Walter Scott, who applies that title to the county of Perth,' a title which he supposes would be given to it by any intelligent stranger, while the natives of any other district of Scotland would acknowledge its merits at least as second to those of their own home. Bounded on the south by the River Forth, and containing the lovely lakes by which it and its tributary the Teith are fed, it embraces nearly the whole basin of two other rivers, the Earn and the Tay, which rise amidst the most beautiful mountains and descend through the most romantic glens and passes of the Highlands. In Perth it has a capital, close to the old royal residence of Scone, on so attractive and so obviously commodious a site at the head of the Firth of Tay, that its ancient history has been prolonged into the present ages by successful commerce, which has made it one of the most flourishing cities of Scotland. In St. Andrews, on the

sweep of a great bay of the Fifeshire coast, it has a university city, with a tragic yet not wholly mournful past, relieved with much that is bright and dignified, and with a sunny, breezy, present charm of its own which almost everyone who knows the place has experienced. A similar interest and a similar beauty attach to the other traditional centres. The Tay, which is glorious at Perth, is more beautiful still in its narrower current higher up in the soft wooded valley, where it is spanned by Telford's bridge, and flows between the ancient city of Dunkeld and the modern village of Birnam. At Dunblane the Allan, famous in song, which drains the lowlands where Agricola fought and conquered Calgacus and Mar, in 1715, disputed the

2

1 Fair Maid of Perth, beginning of Chap. I.

2 The camps at Ardoch, near Braco, a short distance from Greenloaning