fested a stoical contempt for money. When he spoke about it, which was rarely, it was always in a way which induced the belief, that he had almost completely forgot its value. He never carried any about him; was unacquainted with the price of every article; and never paid for any thing himself. An old soldier, named Tichinka, who had saved his life, and whom he had attached to his person, by making him his private aide-decamp, was at the same time, his major-domo, his steward, his caterer, and had exclusively the care of all his expenditure. He never carried about him watch or jewels, except in grand ceremonies, when he would deck himself with all the diamonds he had received from the generosity of several sovereigns, on account of his victories. Even then he considered them as monuments of his glory, and not as trappings of vanity. The finest diamonds could have no value in his eyes, unless they were the recompense of some brilliant military achievement. Accordingly, if, when glittering with all those riches, he chanced to be near a stranger, he would take delight in showing him every decoration, one after the other, telling him: At such an action, I obtained this order; at such another, this, &c." This enumeration, doubtless very excusable, was the only gratification of which his mind was susceptible, at the sight of all these

treasures.

The author quotes many instances of Souworow's disinterestedness, highly creditable to his principles, and to his loyalty. We shall notice only the following:

"An officer of his staff lost, by gambling, sixty thousand roubles, belonging to the military chest [about ten thousand guineas] Souworow immediately sent for the officer, punished him, and wrote to the empress: "An officer has taken sixty thousand roubles from the treasury of the army; but before your majesty shall receive this letter, the money will have been

refunded into the military chest, out of my own property. It is but fair that I should be answerable for the officers which I employ."

Souworow always delighted in retaining soldier-like manners. When saluting any one, he would stop, turn his toes out, stand erect, put back his shoulders, as on parade, and carry his right hand opened to the right side of his little helmet, as soldiers do, when saluting one of their commanders. When he wanted to show a higher degree of consideration, he would stoop very low, with a tolerably ill grace, without altering the position of his arms, or feet.

His simplicity was not remarkable in his dress only; it was equally conspicuous in his food, in his lodgings, and generally, in all his habits.

"The simplest apartment," says the author, "was always the one he preferred. Care was taken, consequently, to remove every costly article of furniture from the place he was to inhabit. He rarely slept in a house, when his army was encamped. His tent was dressed at head-quarters, in acorner of the garden. There he would stay the whole night, and the greater part of the day; and hardly ever did he enter the house where his staff was, but at the hour of dinner. His tent was that of a subaltern officer. Never, during the whole of his military career, did he spend a whole night in a bed. A few bundles of hay, neatly spread on the ground, was his most sumptuous couch. Such was his usual bed, wherever he was lodg ed, even in the empress's palace.

"He had neither equipage nor horses, either for draught or saddle; in short, he had no retinue. A single servant was employed on his personal attendance; for the momentary service of his house, he used to engage as many soldiers, or cossacks, as were wanting. His coach, which was a plain kibitk, was drawn by post (or impressed) horses. When going to command his troops, either in maneuvres, or in battle, he would ride

Among marshal Souworow's qualities, none was oftener conspicuous than his uniform and real good nature. He never met with children without kissing them, and giving them his blessing. He was, all his life, an affec tionate relative; a true friend; and a good father. He, however, considered it as the duty of a warriour, to indulge the affections of the soul, only in those moments, which could not be employed in pursuit of glory. These principles were the invariable rule of his conduct; the following anecdote proves it:

"He was going to join the army, not knowing when he should return; but he ardently wished to embrace his children. To satisfy at once his love of glory and the affections of his heart, he went out of his road, and without stopping, day or night, he arrived post haste at the door of his residence in Moscow. The whole household was in bed. He precipitately alighted from his carriage, gave a gentle rap; was admitted, and made his way, without noise, to his children's chamber. With a light in his hand, he gently opened their curtains; contemplated with emotion those objects of his affections; bestowed on them his blessings, and. his kisses; then closed again the curtains, went down, vaulted into his coach, and departed without having disturbed their repose."

Souworow remained always proof against the seductions of love. He considered connexions with the sex as highly prejudicial to military men; and as impairing their courage, their morals, and their health. When in some companies he was placed, in spite of himself, rear ladies, he avoided, in a very comical way, casting his eyes on them, and, above all, touching them. When married, he felt only friendship for his wife. His notions af modesty, which he considered as one

of the first of virtues, bore, above all other things, the stamp of his oddity of mind. After passing part of the night with his wife, which, by the by, happened but seldom, he would suddenly withdraw, to receive the usual affusion of sundry pails of water on his naked body, as already related.

The marshal was remarkable, above all other things, by his unréserved frankness of speech. From his feelings on this subject, he could not, without being shocked, listen to those equivocal phrases, those ambiguous answers dictated by flattery, fear, or baseness. Accordingly, any officer who unluckily answered him in that manner, was for ever lost in his opinion. He called those kinds of people Niesnaiou, a Russian word, meaning I don't know; possibly; perhaps.

When he wanted to discover whether any individual possessed firmness of mind, he would take a delight in often putting to him, suddenly, and before every one, the most out of the way questions. He thought but little of those, who, through reserve or timidity, could not answer him; and, on the contrary, he conceived a high esteem for those whose repartees were sprightly, concise, and witty." He," would he say," who is put out of countenance by mere words, is likely to be much more perplexed by an unexpected attack from the enemy." Frequently, too, he would intrust to his officers the duty of writing his official accounts. His esteem and his friendship were the rewards of the sagacity and activity manifested in the execution of that task. These two qualities he imparted to all around him: all felt the electrical shock. The words I don't know; I cannot; impossible; were blotted out of his dictionary. They were replaced by these: Learn; do; try.

After perusing the foregoing, no one will be surprised to learn, that Souworow had a great antipathy to courtiers. He not only called them all

niesnaiou, but he besides chose them as the constant butts of his sarcasms, which were the more bitter, as he stopped at nothing, named every one, and had a very satirical turn of mind, and of expression. He was often heard to speak openly, truths, which neither the presence of the sovereign, nor that of the parties interested, nor, in short, any consideration, could induce him to repress. This conduct, as might be expected, made him a great number of enemies at court, where he was detested. Intrigue and cabal followed him into the very midst of camps, struggling to deface his fame. Souworow always showed himself very strict on the score of subordinanation. The most trifling fault of disobedience, was punished by a severe chastisement; marked with the usual oddity of his temper. He had conceited the idea of setting himself up as a pattern of subordination to his army, and he thus proceeded to effect it.

"He told Tichinka, to order him to leave the table, whenever he should perceive that through at sence of mind, he continued eating beyond, his usual appetite. He would then turn towards him with a grave, and, at the same time, a comical look, and ask him: By what authority ?

By order from marshal Souworow.' He must be obeyed,' would he say, laughing; and instantly leave the table. The same farce was acted, when his occupations kept him too long confined. Tichinka then ordered him to go out. He made the same question: his aide-de-camp made the same answer: and the marshal went immediately to take a walk."

This old warriour was very pious. His first care after rising, either at night or at daybreak, was to say his prayers. He also prayed for a long time in the evening, before going to bed. In common with all Russians, he had a great reliance on St. Nicholas. He attended divine service with much composure; singing the office along with the priest, and accompa

nying his singing with many jerks and contortions. During his exile at Novorogod, in his 70th year, Souworow, by a superstitious oddity, would wreak the indefatigable activity of his temper on the bells of his village, of which he got himself elected parish clerk. He alone, night and day, rang the peals for the different offices; which he afterwards sang with the priest amidst the peasants. Every minister of worship, he deemed to be entitled to his respects. Often he would stop before a simple priest, or a pope, and always before a bishop, to ask their blessing. After having received that of the officiating priests, he would, in general, turn towards his officers, and impart it to them. Notwithstanding his regard for clergymen, he very weli knew, however, when necessary, how to make a distinction between the priest and the individual. In one of his campaigns, arriving at a village, he perceived the clergyman of the place. He immediately alighted from his horse, to ask his blessing; and a few moments afterwards, on complaints made to him against that ecclesiastick, he ordered for him a bastinado of fifty stripes.

Souworow was deeply learned in ancient and modern history; and knew intimately the details of the private life of the celebrated generals who had preceded him. He spoke eight languages; and expressed himself in French with as much facility as if he had been born in France. He was an utter stranger to all refinement in style. His mode of writing and of speaking, was short, concise, energetick, original, and unconnected. Every one of his phrases of three or four words formed a complete sense and sentence. But, this laconicism was above the comprehension of many, and especially of foreigners, who saw in it nothing but enigmas. He seldom wrote himself; and avoided, above all things, negotiations which were to be carried on in writing. A pen, would he say, looks awkward in the hand of a soldier. There are, accordingly, but

few letters extant, entirely in his own hand-writing. He wrote the following on the head of a drum, amid the smoking ruins of Tourtoukaya; to the field-marshal Romanzoff, to announce to him the taking of that place:

Slawo Bogou, slawo bowan! Glory to God! Glory to thee! Tourtaukaya woiala, ia tam. Tourtoukaya taken is, by me. Whatever came from his pen had the same characteristick energy and conciseness. Usually, he gave the subject of his letters to one of his staff officers; who, from his instructions, wrote them, and brought them to him for his signature.

He was in the habit of frequently haranguing his troops; but he had not, on those occasions, the same merit of conciseness. His orations lasted an hour, sometimes two; even in the middle of winter "I recollect," says the author, "that one day, in the month of January, on the parade in the grand square of Warsaw, it was eleven o'clock, a body of ten thousand men, formed in a hollow square, filled that place. The cold was intense, a penetrating sleet fell from the icy heavens. In the middle of that square battalion, the Marshal, clad only in his white dimity jacket, began his usual harangue. He soon perceived that the inclemency of the season made his speech appear much too long; and hereupon ne determined to make it last two hours. Every hearer returned to quarters benumbed with cold; and almost every soul, generals, officers, soldiers, and all, took cold. The marshal escaped the disorder, notwithstanding his dimity jacket. I seldom saw him so gay. Perpetual coughings echoed through his apartments. This pleased him highly. He enjoyed himself in the idea, that he had given his army the example of bidding defiance to fatigues, to winter and all its horrours."

Though we do not profess to have been in the habit of epistolary corres

pondence with marshal Souworow, yet having an impression of his seal in our possession, we shall attempt to convey some idea of the composition comprised in it to our readers: in an English nobleman it would be deemed a singularity.

The shield is square, divided into five principal compartments: in the upper of which is the imperial eagle, over its head a crown; in its right claw a sceptre, in its left a globe; the field is or. In the compartment to the right, a plume of three feathers, with a kind of broach marked K. The field purpure: a very broad bend, on which is a heart, separates this from three cannon mounted, on a field vert. In the compartment to the left, out of a cloud issue three forked lightnings and strike a falling crescent: the field azure; a band, inscribed RHYMNKI, separates this from two swords crossed, tied together by a wreath, on a field gules: the centre is charged with a smaller shield, also square; in the right compartment of which is a coat of mail, and round it, the word BERHOCTI: the left compartment contains a sword crossed by an arrow, motto BABERVN. The main shield rests on two kettle drums (below) and two marshal's staffs (above). The supporters are two lions rampant, standing on a bracket, from which depend the ribands and stars of all the orders obtained by this war iour; in number ten: the imperial eagle with two marshal's staffs crossed on its breast, forming a center. The whole of this is on a spreading mantle, gules, furred ermine; surmounted with a large coronet. The height of this seal is two inches and a quarter: the breadth is one inch and seven eighths.

It is not in our power to identify the different orders pendent from the front of this bracket; neither do we know whether they are arranged in any order of precedence; or in the order of donation.

HE used too much severity to young people, and required too much from them. He connected circumstances too humiliating with publick services, in a young man with whom he could take liberty; urging that it was necessary as a curb to the vanity of human nature, and referred to the young Roman orators, who after being exalted by applauses, were sent upon the most trifling errands. His maxim was, if you love me you will serve me disinterestedly. Hence he settled no certain income, or a very slender one upon his dependants, many of whom were sycophants, and while they professed to serve him, underhandedly served themselves effectually. Under this defect his charity in Georgia was materially injured; owing to the wrong conduct of some who insinuated themselves into his favour by humouring his weakness, and letting him act and speak without contradiction. He was impatient of contradiction: but this is a fault to be charged upon almost all great people. I could mention some. He was not happy in his wife; but I fear some who had not all the religion they professed, contributed to his infelicity. He did not intentionally make his wife unhappy. He always preserved great decency and decorum in his conduct towards her. Her death set his mind much at h berty. She certainly did not behave in all respects as she ought. She could be under no temptation from his conduct towards the sex; for he was a very pure man, a strict example of the chastity he inculcated upon others. No time was to be wasted; and his "expectations generally went before the ability of his servants to perform his commands. He was very exact to the time appointed for his stated meals; a few minutes delay would be considered a great fault. He was irritable, but soon appeased. Not

patient enough one day to receive a reason for his being disappointed under a particular occurrence, he hurt the mind of one who was studious to please. He discovered it by the tears it occasioned, and on reflection, he himself burst into tears, saying, “I shall live to be a poor, peevish old man, and every body will be tired of me." He frequently broke the force of his passion by saying: "How could you do so, I would not have served you so." He never commanded haughtily and always took care to applaud when a person did right. He never indulged partiesat his table. A select few might now and then breakfast with him, dine with him on a Sunday, or sup with him on a Wednesday night. In the latter indulgence he was scrupulously exact to break up in time. In the height of a conversa tion I have known him abruptly say: "But we forget ourselves," and rising from his seat, and advancing to the door, add: "Come, gentlemen, it is time for all good folks to be at home." Whether only by himself, or having but a second, his table must have been spread elegantly, though it produced but a loaf and a cheese. He was unjustly charged with being given to appetite. His table was never spread with variety. A cow heel was his favourite dish and I have known him cheerfully say: "How surprised would the world be, if they were to peep upon doctor Squintum, and see a cow heel only upon his table." He was neat to the extreme in his person and every thing about him. Not a paper must have been out of place, or put up irregularly. Each part of the furniture must have been likewise in its place before we retreated to rest. He said he did not think he should die easy, if he thought his gloves were out of their place. There was no rest after four in the morning, nor sitting up after ten in the evening. He never