Thus it appears that the eastern states with only 1,471,555 free persons, have as much influence in the senate as the above five middle states with

3,036,058

Four of the eastern states, with 775,810 free persons, have as much influence as four middle and southern states with 2,712,108-and four times as much as Pennsylvania with 799,296.

The result of this comparison was utterly unexpected. It has surprised me exceedingly, and will no doubt surprise the reader. It is a fair and overwhelming view of the compara tive influence in the senate, of the murmuring, discontented, and oppressed" nation of New England" with that of the whole

of the ancient "slave states," as they are called. It appears that the former have one representative.in

senate for every

and that the latter have one for every

147,155 free persons, 148,005 do.

The addition of Louisiana has altered the state of the reprepresentation. It makes the ratio for the slave states about 136,000.

One free person in Delaware or Rhode Island, it is obvious from the above view, possesses as much influence in the senate of the United States as twelve in New York or Pennsylvania. And one in Delaware possesses nearly as much as fourteen in New York. One in Rhode Island has more than seven in Vir

Three eastern states, with 557,024 free persons, have six senators, and Virginia, with 582,104 has but two.

If the wisest and best of the citizens of the United States assembled in convention, with General Washington and Doctor Franklin at their head, found it necessary for the peace, and happiness, and respectability of the country, to ratify the constitution, with such prodigious inequalities as are stated above, it is not difficult to form an opinion on the folly and wickedness of the loud complaints of injustice and inequality, on points to the last degree insignificant, whereby the spirit of sedition has been excited in the eastern states.

The war question, it has been said, was carried by the slave representatives. This is an egregious error. The majority in the lower house was 30. And the whole number of slave representatives is only 19. So that had they been wholly rejected, the vote would have been carried. I pass over the

slave representatives from New York and Delaware, both of whom voted against the war. I likewise wave the consideration of the fact, that eleven members from the southern states~ also voted against the measure.

A fair view of all the preceding tables and facts, will satisfy. any man not wholly destitute of truth and candor, that the interests of the eastern states have been carefully guarded in both branches of the legislature of the union. Their complaints are to the last degree groundless and factious. It will further prove, that Pennsylvania has a stronger ground of complaint by far in the senatorial branch than the eastern states in the other. With a population of 800,296 free persons, she has but two senators; whereas Newhampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island and Connecticut, with 775,810, have eight. The difference is enormous and immense.

!

Statement of the number of members in the house of representátives, aftor the different censi.

CHAPTER LXIV.

Inquiry into the charge against the southern states of destroying commerce to promote manufactures. Utterly unfounded. The eastern states deeply interested in mnnufactures. The southern the reverse.

THERE is one point, of considerable importance, on which our eastern fellow citizens have been egregiously deceived, and on which it is desirable they should form correct opinions

That the administration, and all the southern members of congress, are actuated by an inveterate hostility to commerce; and that their measures have been dictated by a desire to destroy it, for the purpose of injuring the commercial states; has been assumed as an incontrovertible fact, which could neither be disputed nor denied. It has been, as I have stated, re-echoed by governors and legislators-by inflammatory writers in newswpapers-and by equally inflammatory clergymen in their pulpits. until any doubt of it is in the eastern states believed to be as wicked and heterodoxical, as a doubt of the miracles of the Koran is regarded by the mufti at Constantinople.

It was necessary to find some motive for this hostility. It would have been too monstrous to assert, that the southerners, as some of the eastern writers have quaintly stiled the people of the southern states destroyed commerece to promote agriculture, and of course to advance their own interests. This would not bear examination, and was therefore abandoned. It was however necessary to devise a plausible pretext. And it has therefore been a thousand times asserted, that the hostility to commerce arose from a desire to promote manufactures. And this sorry tale has been believed by the "most enlightened portion of the "most enlightened nation in the world.”

The following facts and observations will show the transcendent folly of this allegation.

1. In the eastern states are numerous and important manufactures established on a large and extensive scale.

2. The extreme sterility of a large portion of their soil, and the comparative density of their population, render manufacturing establishments indispensably necessary to them.

3. They are therefore deeply and vitally interested in the promotion of manufactures, without which they would be in a great measure depopulated by the attractions of the western, middle, and southern states.

4. The manufactures of the southern states are principally in private families.

5. These states have no redundant population. Their people find full employment in agriculture.

6. They have therefore little or no interest in the promotion of manufacturing establishments.

7. But the reduction, or restriction, or injury of commerce, cannot fail vitally to injure them by lessening the demand for, and lowering the price of their productions. We have seen that it has produced this effect, to a most ruinous extent.

8. It irresistibly follows, therefore, that if the southern states wantonly destroyed or restricted commerce, to promote manufactures, it would be inflicting the most serious and vital injury on themselves for the mere purpose of serving those states to which they are said to bear an inveterate and deadly hostility ! ! !

9. Whoever, possessing any mind, can disseminate those opinions, must mean to deceive; for he cannot possibly believe them himself.

10. Whoever can believe in such absurdities, may believe that rivers occasionally travel to their sources-that lambs devour wolves-that heat produces ice-that "thorns produce figs"or, what is almost as absurd and ridiculous, that the soil of Massachusetts is as fertile, and the climate as mild, as the climate and soil of South Carolina or Georgia.

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CHAPTER LXV.

Militia defence. System of classification proposed in congress. Rejected. Anful outcry.

TOWARDS the close of the late war with Great Britain, an attempt was made in congress to employ in the defence of the natiou a portion of the militia, in a mode the most simple, the most practicable, the most efficient-and at the same time, the least burdensome, that was ever adopted in any country. Those persons, throughout the United States, who are subject to militia duty, were to be divided into classes, each of twenty-five. Every class was to furnish one of its members, who was to serve for one year, or during the war, and whose bounty was to be contributed by the rest of the class in certain proportions. Or, if none