received seven hundred and four thousand bushels of wheat, all of which had been manufactured into flour, and the corn received amounted to about five hundred thousand bushels. He also hoped for increased interest in the Board of Trade. This hoped for increased interest did not make itself felt, for this exchange, like the old Washington Board of Trade, soon ceased to exist.

In recent years, an organization has been effected under the name of the Washington Board of Trade, which is, however, something more than its name implies. It was organized December 2, 1889, with the following officers: Myron M. Parker, president; S. W. Woodward, first vice-president; S. E. Wheatley, second vice-president; A. T. Britton, general counsel; B. H. Warner, treasurer; Alexander D. Anderson, secretary. The directory consisted of thirty-one members. There have been, since this organization was effected, numerous committees to carry on its affairs, and it is sufficient to present the names of these committees in order to show the wide range of the work of this Board of Trade, which might perhaps as well be called a board of promotion, as its objects, as stated in its by-laws, are "the consideration of, and action upon, matters concerning the commerce, prosperity, and advancement of the material interests of the National Capital, and the dissemination of information relating thereto." These committees are the executive, with E. Kurtz Johnson, chairman; finance, Beriah Wilkins; taxation and assessments, Henry Wise Garnett; railroads, B. II. Warner; transportation, William A. Wimsatt; arbitration, A. T. Britton; commerce, Isidor Saks; public buildings, Thomas Somerville; membership, Thomas W. Smith; parks and reservations, C. J. Bell; streets and avenues, George Truesdell; charities, John H. Magruder; public health, F. L. Moore; trade organizations, Samuel Ross; water supply, Charles Baum; improvement of the Potomac River, S. E. Wheatley; harbor improvements, C. B. Church; Mount Vernon Avenue, Frank Hume; universities, Alexander D. Anderson; bridges, Theodore W. Noyes; insurance, Simon Wolf; Rock Creek Tunnel, S. E. Wheatley. The membership of this board at the present time is about two hundred.

In addition to the work ordinarily performed by boards of this kind in the various cities of the country, the committee on universities, of which Mr. Alexander D. Anderson is chairman, is performing great and valuable public service in aiding to build up and foster the great universities established, or proposed, for the city of Washington. The purpose is to make Washington the great educational center of the United States.

Washington has had market houses, one or more, ever since its earliest days. But the old market houses were destroyed in 1870-72, when the era of improvement commenced. There are now eight public markets in the District, six in Washington and two in Georgetown. The largest, and one of the finest in the country, is the Center Market, between Seventh and Ninth streets, and Pennsylvania Avenue and B Street. This market house took the place of one that had for years been an eyesore to the residents of the city. It was erected by a private company, chartered by Congress for the purpose. The entire stock of this company was taken in October, 1870, 10,000 shares at $50 each. Mayor Emery subscribed for 1,000 shares; Fitzhugh Coyle, 500 shares; A. R. Shepherd, 1,000 shares, and later for 500 shares more; Moses Kelly, 500 shares; H. D. Cooke, 500 shares; E. M. Tinker subscribed for 1 share each for five persons, one of the five being Hiram Sibley, and 10 for himself; Mr. Chandler subscribed for 1 share each for several different persons, and 1,245 for himself, and afterward he subscribed for 1,250 more shares for himself; Mr. Hildreth subscribed for 5 shares for F. B. Whiting, and 1,245 for himself; Mr. Ordway subscribed for 1 share each for five individuals, and 1,245 for himself; several shares were taken by parties whose names were not ascertained; then, it being found that there were only 220 shares left, Mr. Chandler took them. November 5, 1870, the incorporators were organized by the election of directors in the persons of H. D. Cooke, A. R. Shepherd, HI. S. Dawes, S. S. Smoot, C. Cushing, H. Van Aerman, N. M. Ordway, John Roche, M. G. Emery, E. M. Tinker, T. C. Connolly, W. E. Chandler, and T. A. Hildreth. H. D. Cooke was chosen president; Moses Kelly, treasurer; and a building committee of six was chosen as follows: Shepherd, Ordway, Davis, Tinker, Hildreth, and Smoot. Adolph Cluss was selected as the architect, who drew up plans for the building; which, as it stands at the present time, is as follows: Whole length of market houses on Seventh, Ninth, and B streets, 740 feet; average width, 82 feet; length of wholesale store building, 274 feet; width, 37 feet. In the central portion of the building is the armory, and in the second story of the Ninth Street portion is the drill room. The buildings were completed in 1872, and are of the most substantial character. The retail building is a one-story brick, and covers 60,172 square feet of ground. The retail market has 666 stalls, and cost $350,000. The average monthly rental of the stalls is $8.35. As has been intimated in the above, this market is owned by a private corporation; all the other markets, brief mention of which follows, are public.

North Liberty Market is on the corner of Fifth and K streets

Northwest. It is a one-story building, covering 41,600 square feet of ground. It contains 284 stalls, and cost $152,000. The average rental of the stalls is $5.90.

Riggs Market is on P Street, between Fourteenth and Fifteenth streets. It a one-story frame structure, 130 x 70 feet, contains 60 stalls, and cost $5,000. The average rental is $4.33}.

Corcoran Market is a low frame building on O Street, near Seventh Street, Northwest. It contains 187 stalls, the average rental being $3.56.

Western Market is on the southeast corner of Twenty-first and K streets Northwest. It contains 105 stalls, which rent for $3.63 each per month.

Butchers' Market, on High Street, between First and Second streets, in Georgetown, is a one-story brick structure, 80 x 60 feet, and cost $5,000. It contains 48 stalls, each of which rents for $3.80 per month.

Georgetown Market, on Bridge Street, fronting on Market Street, is a one-story brick building, 36 x 240 feet. It contains 75 stalls, and cost $60,000. Each stall rents for $1.92 per month.

Eastern Market is on Seventh and C streets Northeast. It is a one-story brick building, 205 x 47 feet, cost $90,000, and contains 85 stalls, each of which rents for $3.75 per month.

While not a part of the commercial history of Washington, yet it is believed that no more fitting place in this volume can be found than this for a brief outline of the movement resulting in the Columbian Exposition to be held in Chicago in 1893. It is due to Washington, and it is also due to the truth, that such a statement should somewhere herein be made. It is a matter of fact and of record that this coming Exposition at Chicago is the outgrowth of the proposed Three Americas' and World's Exposition at Washington. The author and projector of this proposed Exposition was Mr. Alexander D. Anderson, of Washington, who, backed by the citizens of Washington and of Baltimore, spent four years' time and $33,000 in money in promoting the movement. The project was first foreshadowed by him in an interview in the New York Herald, November 19, 1884. IIe submitted it in writing to the president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, January 1, 1885, and presented it in detail to the citizens of Washington at a public meeting February 26, 1886, at which meeting committees were appointed, headquarters opened, and a vigorous campaign commenced. The memorial of the committee was presented to the Senate of the United States in

April, 1886, by Arthur P. Gorman, of Maryland, and this memorial was published in full in the Congressional Record.

The local board was then converted into a national board of promotion, and, in response to notices of appointment sent out, Mr. Anderson received formal letters of acceptance from the governors of forty States and Territories, the mayors of fifty-five of the leading cities, one hundred and seventy-six presidents and secretaries of boards of trade, and the officers of thirty State and Territorial granges, approving of the movement, and pledging coöperation.

June 16, 1888, Hou. Perry Belmont, of New York, submitted a report to the House of Representatives in favor of the project, and naming Washington as the place for holding the Exposition. But before the report of the committee could be acted upon by the House, New York, in the summer of 1889, attempted to appropriate the work of Washington, and to secure the great Fair for herself. Against this attempt Chicago made a vigorous protest, and it was only when the latter city saw that New York was determined to have the Fair, and that there was danger of her securing it away from Washington, that she herself determined to secure it away from New York. The result of the contest between Chicago and New York is well known to everybody.

Mr. Anderson thereupon publicly stated that it had become the duty of every American citizen to aid the Exposition to the best of his ability, and to make it a success worthy of the Nation. He projected an amendment to the Exposition bill, providing for a grand review of the navies of the world in the New York harbor and Hampton Roads, preceding the opening of the Fair at Chicago, which amendment Senator Daniel, of Virginia, introduced into the Senate, and which is now Section 8 of the Exposition act. This grand review is to take place in April, 1893, immediately preceding the opening of the Exposition itself at Chicago.

CHAPTER XII.

MANUFACTURING.

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Early Establishments-A Nail Factory - A Hat Factory - The Steam Engine-Threshing Machine-The Columbia Manufacturing Company - Foxall's Foundry - Manufactory of Fire Engines - The Columbia Rolling Mills-Paper Mills-Pope's Threshing Machine - Bomford's Flouring Mill-George Page, Shipbuilder - Steam Marble and Brown Stone Works-George Hill, Jr.'s Paper Mill - William Stickney's Envelope Manufactory-The Washington Gas Light Company - The United States Electric Lighting Company-Summary of Manufacturing Establishments in Existence at the Present Time.

W

ITH reference to manufacturing establishments, the same remarks may be made as have been already made with regard to commerce. Washington has had, from year to year, a considerable number of such establishments of different kinds, and yet not enough to render the city a distinctively manufacturing center. In December, 1800, Wilson & Handy commenced the manufacture of furniture on New Jersey Avenue, between the Episcopal church and the Sugar House. They expressed their confidence that they should be able to give general satisfaction, from the experience they had had in the principal shops in Europe and America. The articles made by this firm were secretary desks, portable writing desks, chests, card tables, etc.

A nail factory was established about February 1, 1801, on F Street, where all kinds of cut nails were made. John Minchen moved his shoe factory from Philadelphia to Washington about this time, locating near the Eastern Branch, and afterward on New Jersey Avenue, near the Capitol.

In April, 1802, Benjamin Henchey gave notice that he would exhibit his new mode of obtaining light in a variety of thermo lamp, commencing the next Friday evening after the 14th of the month, and continuing until May 18, at Mr. Thompson's new brick house on Pennsylvania Avenue. Tickets were $1, which would admit one gentleman twice or a gentleman and lady twice.

Joel Broun, in 1803, established himself in Washington as a manufacturer of hats, and in February, 1804, removed to Georgetown. In February, 1806, Evan Evans advertised for sale an improved straw