Occupations, very few: Mats, cooking utensils, woollens and cottons.

Capital: Khartoon. Caravans to Central Africa. ABYSSINIA.

South of Nubia Area, 200,000 sq. mls.; Population between three and four millions.

mountainous.

Minerals Iron, copper, sulphur, and salt.
Many tribes, the chief the Gallas.

Country

Productions: Millet, wheat, barley, maize, flax, cotton, vine, and coffee.

Adowa, 8,000, is considered the capital.

THE SAHARA.

Area, 3,000,000 sq. mls.; Population, uncertain. Mouzook, 2,000 people.

CENTRAL AFRICA.

Soudan or Negroland, 2,600 miles long and 600 broad. Watered by the Niger. Supplies Northern Africa with gold, ivory, ostrich feathers, and slaves. Largest town, Fimbuctoo.

WESTERN AFRICA.

Includes all the countries from Senegambia to Cape Colony.

Rivers Senegal, Gambia, Niger, Congo, and Coanza.

The governments are oftentimes in a state of anarchy, Ashantee and Dahomey are the worst. Exports: Gold dust, ivory, palm oil, gums, feathers, and dye-woods. Imports: Gunpowder, tobacco, liquors, cotton cloths, beads, &c.

The English, French, Dutch, and Portuguese have possessions in West Africa.

EASTERN AFRICA.

Most of the coast line belongs to Portugal.

Zanzibar, 30,000, largest town.

The rest of Africa has been described in Standard IV., under the head of British Colonies in Africa.

NORTH AMERICA.

1.--Boundaries and Extent.

On the North by the Arctic Ocean; West and South-west by the Pacific Ocean; and on the East by the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea. Area 8,600,000 sq. mls., with a coast-line 24,500 miles.

2.-Inland Seas, &c.

East: Baffin's Bay, Hudson's Bay, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Bay of Fundy, Gulf of Mexico.

West Gulf of California (700 miles, long 80 wide). 3.-Capes.

North Icy Cape and Cape Barrow, U.S., America; Cape Bathurst and Murchison Promontory, British America.

East Cape Farewell, Greenland; Cape Walsingham, Davis Strait; Cape Charles, Labrabor; Cape Race, Newfoundland; Cape Breton, Breton Island; Cape Sable, Nova Scotia ; Cape Cod, Massachusetts; Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; Cape Sable, Florida; Cape Catoche, Yucatan; Cape Gracias a Dios, Nicaragua.

West: Prince of Wales Cape, U.S., America ; Cape Mendocino, California; Cape St. Lucas, California; Cape Corrientes, Mexico.

4.-Mountains.

(a) The Andes or Rocky Mountains commence near Alaska Peninsula and end in the Mexican tableland. Length of the chain, 3,000 miles. Chief heights: Mount St. Elias, 17,900 feet; Mount Fairweather, 14,750 feet: Mount Brown, 15,900 feet; Mount Murchison, 15,789 feet.

(b) Cascade Range, in Oregon, U.S. (c) S. Nevada, in California.

(d) Alleghany or Apalachian Mountains, on the East of the United States, running through the States of Tennessee, Virginia, and Pennsylvania. Chief heights: Peaks of Otter, Virginia; Unaka Mountains, Tennessee; Mount Washington, 6,000 feet.

(e) Ozark Mountains, running through the States of Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri.

(f) Mountains of Mexico, Sierra Madra, 8,000 feet; Popocatapetl, 17,000 feet; Jorullo.

7.—Rivers.—The Mississippi, 4000, rises in Lake Itasca, and empties itself into Gulf of Mexico; Tributaries. Missouri, Arkansas, Red, Ohio, Green, Kentucky, Cumberland, and Tennessee. St. Lawrence; Mackenzie, 2160 miles; Nelson and Churchill ;

Draining the Atlantic Plain: Connecticut, 400 ; Hudson, 325; Delaware, 300; Susquehanna, 450; Potomac, 400; James, 450; Savannah, 500; Rio-delNorte, Mexico, 1400. Into the Pacific: Fraser, 600; Oregon, 750; Sacramento, 420; Colorado, 840.

8.-Lakes.-Largest in the world. Superior, 32,000 sq. mls.; Michigan, 24,000; Huron, 20,000; Erie, 9,60; Ontario, 6,300. In British America: Great Slave Lake, 12,000; Great Bear Lake, 10,000; Winnipeg, 9,000; Nicaragua, 3,500; Athabasca, 3,000; Winnipegoos, 3,000; Deer Lake, 2,400; Salt Lake, 1,800.

9.-Islands. In Arctic Ocean: Greenland, Parry, and Arctic Archipelago. In Atlantic Ocean: Newfoundland, C. Breton, Prince Edward, Anticosti, and West Indies.

10.-Minerals.---Gold: California, Mexico, British Columbia, Alleghany Mountains. Silver: Mexico. Iron and Coal: United States, Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, C. Breton, Mexico, and Central America. Tin: Mexico. Quicksilver: California. Salt Utah and West Indies.

11.-Vegetation.-Forest Trees: Ash, beech, chestnut, cypress, hickory, walnut, poplar, sugar-maple, alder, willow, ash. Objects of Culture: Maize, cocoa, potato, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, &c.

:

Animals Fur animals, puma, bear, bison, tapir, peccary, lynx, wolf, opposum, jaguar.

Population Between 60,000,000 and 70,000,000; consisting of Indians, Negroes, Europeans, &c.

BRITISH AMERICA. (See Standard IV).
UNITED STATES.

South of British America. Consists of 37 Federal States and 12 Territories, with a population of 38,555,983; Area, 3,034,459 sq. mls., one-fourth of the country is cultivated.

Forests: Oak, pine, spruce, tulip-tree, live oak, &c. Minerals: Copper, iron, coal, lime, salt, lead, gold, nitre, paraffin.

Objects of Culture: Wheat, Indian corn, tobacco, cotton, rice, sugarcane, oats, rye, barley, hops, fruits, potatoes, vine.

Government: By a President, assisted by a House of Senators and a House of Representatives, called the House of Congress.

Exports (next to England and France): Cotton, tallow, hides, ham and bacon, butter, cheese, pork, wheat, flour, Indian corn, meal, rye, tobacco, &c. Value of exports and imports in 1871, were worth nearly £300,000,000.

Capital: Washington, population 109,199.

MEXICO.

A Republic, South of the United States. 846,615 sq. mls.; population 9,173,052, consisting of Indians, Mixed races, and Europeans. Divided into 22 States, 6 Territories, and 1 Federal District.

Products

Bananas, pine-apples, wheats, fruits, sarsaparilla, jalap, ipecacuanha, aloe, spices, mahogany, rosewood, and ebony.

Its chief wealth is from its mines--copper, iron, lead, tin, quicksilver, alum, and precious stones.

Manufactures: Cabinet work, pianofortes, gold and silver plate, silk and cotton goods.

Commerce: Trades with England, West Indies, and United States.

Imports: Wool, cotton, linen, and silk. Exports: Gold and silver, drugs, sugar, flour, and indigo. Capital: Mexico, 205,000.

mls. ;

CENTRAL AMERICA. Consists of 5 States: Guatemala, 53,000 sq. S. Salvador, 6,900; Honduras, 43,700; Nicaragua, 36,000; and Costa Rica, 30,000; and British Honduras. Minerals: Gold, silver, iron, lead, mercury, and marble.

Vegetables: Indigo, sugar, coffee, cotton, tobacco, cocoa, cedar, mahogany, dye-wood, drugs, and gum. Exports: Indigo, cochineal, coffee, hides, sugar, balsam, sarsaparilla.

Towns: Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.

THE WEST INDIES.

The Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles, and the Bahamas. Area, 95,000 sq. mls. Climate, hot. Population, nearly 4,000,000, consisting of Negroes, Europeans, mixed races, and Indians.

Cuba and Porto Rico.--Cuba, the largest, 43,000 sq. mls., population 1,100,000, cultivates tobacco, sugar, coffee, rice, cotton, cocoa, indigo. Manufactures sugar, treacles, cigars. Exports sugar, treacle, coffee, honey, tobacco, mahogany, copper, &c., to England, Spain, and America. Capital, Havanna. Porto Rico. Capital, San Juan de Porto Rico. Hayti, or San Domingo, trades with Great Britain, France, United States, Holland, and Germany. Capital: Port au Prince. S. Domingo. Martinique Capital, St. Pierre.

SOUTH AMERICA.

1.-Boundaries and Extent.-On the N. by the Caribbean Sea, E. by Atlantic, W. by Pacific.

2.-Mountains.-Andes: Chimborazo, 21,415 feet; Lirima, 24,700 feet; Aconcagua, 23,944 feet; and Cotopaxi, 21.000 feet. Mountains of Guiana; Mountains of Brazil.

3.-Rivers.-Orinoco, 1,200; Amazon, 3,900; Rio de la Plata, 1,000 miles.

5.-Islands.-Falkland, Georgia, Tierra del Fuego,