hours in each week and attendance is compulsory. The other lectures in the school are 'optional, but strongly recommended as in a high degree useful. The students may attend any of the lectures of the medical school free of charge upon special application to the warden.

The school is on East Forty-ninth street, between Madison and Fourth avenues, upon the same block with the School of Arts, the School of Mines and the School of Political Science. It is conducted by five Professors, who have in charge the following subjects:

1. The Law of Contracts, Maritime and Admiralty Law, to which is also assigned a course of lectures on General Jurisprudence. 2. Real Estate and Equity Jurisprudence.

3. Criminal Law, Torts and Procedure.

4. Constitutional History, International and Constitutional Law and Political Science.

5. Medical Jurisprudence.

Applicants are divided into two classes - those who are, and those who are not, candidates for a degree. If graduates of a literary College they are not examined. The course of examination is prescribed, and is divided into regular and substituted examinations. The scholastic year extends from the first Monday of October to the end of May, a period of eight calendar months. Lecture fees, $150 a year, besides $5 for matriculation each year, and $25 for graduation. In the department of municipal law there have been established three prize tutorships, of $500 each annually, which continue three years. The first was awarded in 1883, the second in 1884, and a third will be awarded in 1885, and annually thereafter as former ones expire from members of the graduating class. A series of money prizes has also been established, of which three are in the department of municipal law, amounting to $250, $150 and $100 respectively. The degree of Bachelor of Law, Cum Laude, is conferred upon those who pass the prize examinations and others who receive honorable mention by the committee of award.

A prize or prizes of $150, founded by Robert N. Tappen, Esq., in the department of constitutional law, may be granted. The rule of adding the words of approbation to the degree extends to this and other departments. All graduates receive the degree of Bachelor of Law, and others official certificates of attendance, stating the time and the degree of attainments.

By an act passed April 7, 1860,' the professors of the Law School

1 Chap. 202, Laws of 1860.

and the law committee of the trustees of Columbia College were to examine students, and might recommend for graduation. Diplomas given after attending lectures eighteen months, were to entitle those receiving them to the privilege of practicing law in the courts of this State. The above act so far as related to diplomas, and the privileges under them, was repealed June 5, 1877.1

Number Attending and Graduating at the Law School of Columbia College from its Organization in 1858 to 1884, inclusive.

School of Mines in Columbia College.

This school was established by the Board of Trustees in December, 1863, but was not put in operation until November 15, 1864. Prior to this, there was no school in the United States in which Mining was taught as a science, although in several institutions there were nominal chairs of Mining Engineering.'

1Chap. 417, Laws of 1877.

The importance of a School of Mines in connection with Columbia College was strongly urged by Prof. Thomas Egleston in a pamphlet printed in 1863, entitled "Plan for a School of Mines in New York City" (pp. ). The course of study then proposed extended through three years, and the cost of an outfit was esti mated at $17,300.

The object of this school is to furnish the means of acquiring a thorough theoretical and practical knowledge of those branches of science which relate to mining and the working up of the mineral resources of the country, and for preparing persons to take charge of works of mining and metallurgy upon scientific principles.

Instruction is given in six courses of scientific study, viz.: (1.) Mining Engineering; (2.) Civil Engineering; (3.) Metallurgy; (4.) Geology and Palæontology; (5.) Analytical and Applied Chemistry, and (6.) Architecture. At the beginning of the first year each student must elect which of these he intends to pursue, and must abide by his choice, unless permitted to change. No partial or special course is allowed, and only one course at a time can be pursued.

The course occupies four years, and there is an advanced course for graduates of the school. The plan of instruction includes lectures, recitations, laboratory exercises, field surveying, practice in operative mining, projects, estimates and drawings for the establishment of mines and the construction of metallurgical, chemical and other works, reports upon mines and industrial establishments, and field geology.

During the session, visits may be made to various machine shops and metallurgical establishments in the city and vicinity, and in vacation the students are expected to visit mines and other establishments, and hand in a memoir upon some subject assigned to them, and bring in collections for the museum, or for use in exchange. In the last six weeks of vacation at the end of the second year, students of engineering are required to join a summer class in surveying or mechanical engineering; and after the third year, students in mining engineering must visit a mine, and engage in practice, work or study; or if in civil engineering, must attend a summer class of six weeks in geodesy, these several excursions and exercises being in charge of Adjunct Professors in these departments. The year is divided into two sessions, beginning on the first Monday of October, and the first or second Tuesday of February. The annual tuition fee is $200, but students are admitted free under certain conditions. There are other expenses for apparatus, supplies, graduations, etc., in addition to personal expenses. The school is upon the same block with the School of Arts and the Law School, Library, etc., with its museums, laboratories and lecture-rooms, but it has no dormitories for students. The first building used by the School of Mines was erected in 1867; the present one on a greatly enlarged plan was built in 1874.

To those who complete the required course of studies, and the projects, dissertations, memoirs, analyses, essays, drawings, etc., passing all the examinations required, the degree of Engineer of Mines (E. M.), Civil Engineering (C. E.), or Bachelor of Philosophy (Ph. B.), is conferred, according to the course pursued.

Graduates of the school who fulfill the following conditions are recommended to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D.):

(1.) Each candidate shall pursue, for the term of at least one academic year, a course of higher study, at the school and under the direction of the faculty, in two or more branches of science, and shall pass an approved examination thereon.

(2.) It shall also present an acceptable thesis on dissertation embodying the results of special study, research or observation, upon a subject previously approved and accepted by the Faculty.

Number attending and graduating at the School of Mines in Columbia College from its Commencement in 1864 to 1884, inclusive.

School of Political Science in Columbia College.

This was established by the following resolutions of the Board of Trustees, passed June 7, 1880:

Resolved, That there be established, to go into operation at the opening of the academic year next ensuing, a School designed to prepare young men for the duties of public life, to be entitled a School of Political Science, having a definitely prescribed curriculum of study extending over a period of three years, and embracing the History of Philosophy, the History of the Literature of the Political Sciences, the General Constitutional History of Europe, the Special Constitutional History of England and the United States, the Roman Law, and the jurisprudence of existing codes derived therefrom, the Comparative Constitutional Law of European States and of the United States, the Comparative Constitutional Law of the different States of the American Union, the History of Diplomacy, Inter national Law, Systems of Administration, State and National, of the United States, Comparison of American and European System of Administrations, Political Economy and Statistics.

Resolved, That the qualifications required of the candidate for admission to this School shall be that he shall have successfully pursued a course of undergraduate study in this College, or in some other maintaining an equivalent curriculum to the close of the Junior year.

Resolved, That the Students of the School who shall satisfactorily complete the studies of the first year, shall be entitled for examination and the recommendation of the Faculty, to receive the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy; and those who complete the entire course of three years, shall, on similar examination and recommendation, be entitled to receive the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

In accordance with the foregoing resolutions the school was opened in October, 1880.

The purpose of the school is to give a complete general view of all the subjects, both of internal and external public policy, from the three-fold standpoint of History, Law and Philosophy. Its prime aim is, therefore, the development of all the branches of the Political Sciences. Its secondary and practical objects are:

(a.) To fit young men for all the political branches of the public service.

(b.) To give an adequate economic and legal training to those who intend to make journalism their profession.

(c.) To supplement, by courses in public law and comparative jurisprudence, the instruction in private municipal law offered by the School of Law.

The matriculation fee is $5, payable at the beginning of each