tunities for education in Yale College, and in European Universities, he had traveled much, and had enjoyed opportunities for study and observation which rendered him peculiarly well qualified for the task of laying out a plan of education suited to the requirements of the institution about to open. This plan embodied some ideas that were new, and a modification of established systems in some degree a departure from the usual course of higher education. It was recommended that a class of non-resident Professors should be appointed, having no duties or responsibilities in the government of the University, but simply delivering courses of Lectures upon the sciences in which they were most eminent. A wide range of elective studies should be provided. Especial opportunities should be offered for instruction in Agriculture, Industrial Mechanics and the various applied Sciences. Commerce and Trade should be taught, embracing the subjects taught in Commercial Colleges, but on a more ample and systematic plan. The University should be non-sectarian. The Fac ulty should be the governing body, holding stated meetings, and deliberating as a Legislative body upon the various questions that might arise. The students should be expected to govern themselves in a spirit of manly self-respect. It seemed necessary to provide means for students wishing to support themselves in part by manual labor, but labor should be optional, and no great expectation should be entertained of its becoming a prominent feature in the institution. The dormitory system appeared necessary to a considerable extent at first, but the probability was that it would decline, as rooms were provided in private families. The University should encourage boarding clubs, but not undertake to manage or control them. Perhaps it might aid by securing arrangements for purchases at reduced prices. Fuel should be bought at wholesale and sold to students at cost. The most ample provisions should be made in the way of collections, illustrating the various subjects taught. No preference should be given to any department of study, as more honorable or of higher grade than another. The subjects taught might be arranged in two divisions as follows: 1 The experience of the University has tended to diminish rather than increase this form of instruction, and differences of opinion have arisen with respect to the utility of the plan. I. Division of Special Sciences and Arts. 1. Department of Agriculture. 2. Department of Mechanic Arts. 3. Department of Civil Engineering. 4. Department of Commerce and Trade. 5. Department of Mining. 6. Department of Medicine and Surgery. 7. Department of Law. 8. Department of Jurisprudence, Political Science and History. 9. Department of Education. II. Division of Science, Literature and the Arts in General. 1st. General Course. 2d. General Course. 3d. General Course. 4. Scientific Course. 5. Optional Course. It was not advised that all of these Departments in the first Division should be established at once, and the Departments of Agriculture, the Mechanic Arts, Civil Engineering and Mining were mentioned as of more immediate importance. Upon further consideration the Division of Special Sciences and Arts was so modified that in the first General Announcement it was made to embrace the six following Departments: 1. ARCHITECTURE. 2. MECHANIC ARTS. 3. CIVIL ENGINEERING. 4. MILITARY ENGINEERING AND TACTICS. 5. MINING AND PRACTICAL GEOLOGY. 6. HISTORY, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. In the second group there should be sufficient provision made. from the beginning to meet the wants of those who applied at the commencement of the first term. When it reached the stage of first announcement the Second Division had been extended to eight Departments, defined as follows: 1. FIRST GENERAL COURSE, or "Modern Course," extending through four years. To Modern Languages was assigned the place and labor usually given to the Ancient Languages. 2. MODERN COURSE ABRIDGED, extending to three years, and in which the main studies of the former were included and the subordinate ones omitted. 3. SECOND GENERAL COURSE, or "Combined Course," extending through four years. In this the languages studied were to be Latin and German, but otherwise it was essentially the same as the General Course. 4. "COMBINED COURSE ABRIDGED," extending to three years. 5. THIRD GENERAL COURSE, or " Classical Course," to be mainly like the First, but with the option of Ancient for Modern Languages. 6. "SCIENTIFIC COURSE," of three years, affording a general Scientific preparation for either of the first four Departments of the First Division. 7. SCIENTIFIC COURSE ABRIDGED; extending to two years. 8. OPTIONAL COURSE, of indefinite length, in which the students were allowed to pursue any studies for which they were fitted, and upon completion they were to receive certificates of the studies. taken. Diplomas were to be issued upon completion of either course of four years, but it was to be thoroughly understood that no distinction. should be made between them as to their value, and the Trustees. pledged themselves to use every effort to prevent any Caste-spirit in any department or course as compared with another. It was determined from the beginning that the Resident Professors should hold their office for a limited term, to be renewed by election at the option of the Trustees. The equipment in the way of illustrative Collections, Apparatus and Library was to be ample and varied, extending to every branch of science taught, and sufficient to fully illustrate the subjects to which they related. Especially in the way of Philosophical Apparatus, nothing should be introduced but such as furnished the means for illustrating the latest results of research and for aiding new investigations. The preparations having been sufficiently advanced, the University was opened on the 7th of October, 1868, by the inauguration of the following resident Faculty of instruction and government: Hon. Andrew D. White, LL. D., President and Professor of History. Rev. William D. Wilson, D. D., LL. D., Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy and Registrar. Goldwin Smith, M. A., Oxon. Professor of English Constitutional History. Evan W. Evans, M. A., Professor of Mathematics. William Channing Russell, M. A., Professor of South European Languages and Literature, and Associate Professor of History. Eli Whitney Blake, M. A., Ph. D., Professor of Physics and Industrial Mechanics. George C. Caldwell, M. S., Ph. D., Professor of Agricultural Chemistry. James B. Crafts, S. B., Professor of General and Analytical Chemistry. Burt G. Wilder, S. B., M. D., Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Zoology. Major Joseph H. Whittlesey (U. S. A.), Professor of Military Science and Tactics, and Commandant (under appointment of U. S. Government). Lebbeus H. Mitchell, B. A., Ph. D., Professor of Mining and Metallurgy. Willard Fiske, M. A., Ph. D., Professor of North European Languages and Librarian, James Law, F. R., V. C., Professor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery. Charles Fred. Hartt, A. M., Professor of General, Economic and Agricultural Geology. Albert W. Prentiss, M. S., Professor of Botany, Horticulture and Arboriculture. Homer B. Sprague, A. M., Professor of Rhetoric, Oratory and Vocal Culture. John L. Morris, A. B., C. E., Professor of Practical Mechanics and Director of the Machine Shop. T. Frederick Crane, A. M., Assistant Professor of German and Spanish. Ziba Hazzard Potter, A. M., M. D., Assistant Professor of Mathematics. James Morgan Hart, A. M., J. U. D., Assistant Professor of French and German. Lewis Spaulding, S. B., Assistant Professor of Agriculture, and Director of the Farm. Frank Wigglesworth Clark, S. B., Assistant in Chemistry. Henry Hughes, S. B., Assistant in Chemistry. Charles S. Chatfield (Captain U. S. A.), Assistant in Military Tactics. Several vacant Professorships remained to be filled. Courses of Lectures were arranged for non-resident Professors as follows: Professor Louis Agassiz, LL. D., Natural History. Twenty Lectures. Hon. John Stanton Gould, Mechanics applied to Agriculture. Twelve Lectures. James Hall, LL. D., Geology. Twelve Lectures. James Russell Lowell, M. A., English Literature. Twelve Lectures. Hon. George William Curtiss, M. A., Recent Literature. Twelve Lectures. Hon. Theodore W. Dwight, LL. D., Constitutional Law, and Lectures on the Constitution of the United States. Twelve Lectures. Eight other resident or non-resident professorships were named in the first announcement, as intended to be filled at an early day. During the two days preceding the inauguration, 314 students applied, were examined and admitted. From the report made of the operations and condition of the University up to January 1, 1869, it appears that there had then been erected two large stone buildings, four stories high, with dormitories for over three hundred students, and library, lecture and recitation-rooms, over thirty in number. Another similar building would be ready the next summer, and large buildings for laboratories and shops were nearly completed. Other buildings would soon be begun, including McGraw Hall,' costing $50,000, the gift of John McGraw, of Ithaca. The plan of organization has to some extent been modified by experience, but in its essential features it remains the same. New divisions of study have been organized as there was felt the need: some that were proposed have not been adopted, but the intention is not abandoned. Beginning with 19 Professors in 1869, it has now 27. It had 6 Associate and Assistant Professors at first, it now has 15. Of Instructors the number has increased from 1 to 8, but of non-Resident Professors the first number was 6, the highest number (in 1879) was 9, and the present number is 5. 1 Although this building was not then erected, a chime of bells presented by Miss Jennie McGraw had been received at the time of inauguration, and mounted temporarily for the occasion. It has since been placed in the tower of the McGraw building. The set of bells weighs about six thousand pounds. Without attempting to follow the changes that have been introduced, in the order of time, it will be sufficient to present an outline of the present course of studies, the Degrees conferred and the requirements, the facilities that have been provided, the statistics of operation, and the financial condition. The Faculty consists of a President, Professors, Associate Professors and Assistant Professors, and is aided by non-Resident Professors and Lecturers, and by Instructors and Examiners. It comprises the following Special Faculties: AGRICULTURE. ARCHITECTURE. CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS. CIVIL ENGINEERING. HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE. ANCIENT CLASSICAL LANGUAGES. ORIENTAL LANGUAGES. ROMANCE LANGUAGES. MATHEMATICS. MECHANIC ARTS. MILITARY SCIENCE. NATURAL HISTORY. PHILOSOHPY AND LETTERS. The Special Faculties constitute Standing Committees to which are referred questions relating to the Departments under their con trol, but their action is subject to the approval of the General Faculty. Studies of Undergraduate Classes (1884). Each course leading to a Bachelor's degree requires four years for its completion. In each year there are about thirty weeks of instruction, besides the time devoted to examinations at the close of each term. During each of these weeks the student is required to have at least fifteen recitations, or their equivalent in lectures, laboratory, or field-work, and in many cases the requirement is much greater. A large proportion of the studies in each course are optional, to be selected by the student in accordance with his own tastes and wants. There are five general courses of study the Course in Arts, the Course in Literature, the Course in Philosophy, the Course in Science and the Course in Science and Letters. The Course in Arts answers to the usual Academic course of American Colleges. The Course in Literature, leading to the Degree of Bachelor of Literature, is based on Latin, without Greek, and designed for those who prefer studies of a specially literary nature. The Course in Philosophy, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy, is based on Latin, without Greek, and designed for those who prefer studies of a philosophical nature. The Course of Science, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science, is designed for those who wish to pursue studies relating chiefly to Natural Science, without Latin or Greek. The Course in Science and Letters, lead |