to his master's cause until there was no longer any hope of success, merits admiration. He appeared in nearly the last singe of exhaustion, from fatigue and from his wounds, of which he had received no less than fourteen. At this time it was said that but little more than the name of roy ally existed in Spain; a military despotism, headed by Espartero, dictating the whole affairs of the nation. The queen-regent Christina, being stripped of nearly every particle of power, made up her mind to leave Spain before Espartero and the new ministers arrived. She saw them, however, at Valencia, and expressed her determination to abdicate the regency, in consequence of the difficulties which environed her. She was then told, that if she insisted upon abdicating, and on retiring to Naples, she must leave the young queen Isabella to the guardianship of the nation, and must also give up the public property vested in her as queen and regent. To this she consented, and the ministers accordingly announced the event to the nation. Shortly afterwards, the young queen Isabella II. made her public entry into Madrid, attended by Espartero, &c, amid the acclamations of the inhabitants.

In May, 1841, the duke of Victory (Espartero) was elected by a major ity of 76 votes as sole regent of Spain during the minority of Isabella; the queen-mother, Christina, having previously sought refuge in France. For a considerable time after this event, the new regent possessed the confidence of the people, and effected many useful reforms in the state; but having given offence to the clergy by the appropriation of part of the ecclesiastical revenues to secular purposes, a powerful party continued to harass and distract his government; till, at length, the insurrectionary movements in various parts of the country denoted that another crisis was approaching. In June, 1843, Corunna, Seville, and many other towns declared against Espartero, and Madrid surrendered on the 24th of July. On receiving this information, the duke immediately raised the siege of Seville, and started for Cadiz, with four hundred cavalry. He was pursued to Port St. Mary's by General Concha, at the head of five hundred horse, who arrived on the strand only five minutes after the regent had embarked ir. a boat for the English ship Malabar, of 72 guns. Nogueras, Gomez, and a few other officers escaped with him. A manly and patriotic manifesto was addressed by Espartero to the nation prior to his departure for England; which thus concludes:—"A military insurrection, without the slightest pretext, concluded the work commenced by a mere few; and, abandoned by those whom I so often had led to victory, I am compelled to seek refuge in a foreign land, fervently desiring the felicity of my beloved country. To its justice I recommend those who never abandoned the cause of legitimacy, loyal to the last, even in the most critical moments. In these the state will ever find its most decided assistants." His enenies also addressed a manifesto to the people of Spain, with the alledged view of explaining and justifying the revolution, and also of vindicating themselves and those who co-operated with them in procuring the defertion of the army, and the consequent overthrow of Espartero, by means of foreign gold. On the 30th of July, the duke of Baylen assumed the func tions of guardian of the queen and the princess her sister. The new ministry adopted the decided course of declaring Queen Isabella of age after the meeting of the cortes, which was appointed to take place on the 15th of October; to which proposal the queen gave her consent. Espartero lef Spain, on his voyage to England, on board the Prometheus steam-ves sel; and on his arrival at Woolwich he was received with respect by Lord Blomfield, commandant of the royal arsenal, Sir F. Bollyer, &c. Spain, however, still continues subject to unhappy dissensions, which are the nevitable results of her degrading submission to a bigoted priesthood

THE HISTORY OF PORTUGAL.

Portugal, anciently called Lusitania, is supposed to have been origin. ally colonized by the Phoenicians and Carthaginians; but was taken possession of by the Romans about 250 years before Christ, and became a Roman province under the emperor Augustus. Towards the beginning of the fifth century the Alans, and afterwards the Suabians and the Visigoths, successively made themselves masters of this country. In the eighth century it was overrun by the Moors and Saracens, but was gradually wrested from them by the Christians. Henry, duke of Burgundy, distinguishing himself by his eminent services against the Moors, Alphonso II., king of Castile, gave him his daughter Theresa in marriage, created him earl of Portugal. and in 1110 left him that kingdom. Alphonso Henriques, his son and successor, obtaining a signal victory, in 1136, over the Moors, was created king by the people; and in 1181, at an assembly of the states, the succession of the crown was settled. Alphonso III. added Algarve to the crown of Portugal. In 1383 the legitimate male line of this family becoming extinct in the person of Ferdinand, John I. his natural son, was, two years after, admitted to the crown, and in his reign the Portuguese made settlements in Africa, and discovered the islands of the Azores. In 1482, his great-grandson, John II., received the Jews who had been expelled from Spain, and gave great encouragement to navigation and discoveries. Afterwards, in the reign of King Emanuel, Vasco de Gama discovered a passage to the East Indies by doubling the Cape of Good Hope.

In 1500, Brazil was discovered by Don Pedro Alvarez, and the Portuguese made most valuable discoveries in the East Indies, where they soon erected forts, subdued the neighbouring inhabitants, and at the same time carried on a sanguinary war in Africa. The power of Portugal was then at its height; but in 1580, on the decease of Henry the Cardinal, the male line of the royal family became extinct, and in the succeeding year the kingdom was subdued by Spain. The Portuguese now lost most of the advantages they had obtained under their own monarchs; their possessions in the East Indies, in Brazil, and on the coast of Africa, were neg lected, and many of them wrested from them by the new republic of Holland, and by the other maritime powers, while at home the Portuguese were much oppressed; but in 1640, they shook off the Spanish yoke, by electing John, duke of Braganza, a descendant of the old royal family, for their king. This prince, who assumed the title of John IV., drove the Dutch out of Brazil; and from him all the succeeding kings of Portugal have been descended. Alphonso VI. the son of John IV., was dethroned by his brother Peter, who in 1668, concluded a treaty with Spain, by which Portugal was declared an independent kingdom. This was brought about by the mediation of Charles 11. of Great Britain, who had married the infanta Catherine, sister to Alphonso and Peter. In 1706, John V. succeeded to the throne on the death of his father In 1792 a double marriage took place between the courts of Spain and Portugal, a prince of each court marrying a princess of the other court. Although Brazil again belonged to Portugal, its former greatness could not now have been restored even had the princes of the house of Braganz displayed as much vigour and wisdom as some of them showed good intentions. A commercia treaty had been concluded under the first prince of this line, and in 1703

a new treaty was concluded by the English ambassador, which secured to England the advantages of the newly-discovered gold mines in Brazil. From this time the relations with England continued to become more intimate, until Portugal was no longer in a condition to maintain an independent attitude in European politics. During the long reign of John V., from 1707 to 1750, some vigour was exerted in regard to the foreign relations, and something was attempted for the promotion of the national welfare at home (the restriction on the power of the inquisition, and the formation of an academy of Portuguese history, for example); but in the former case, without decisive consequences, and, in the latter, without a completion of the plans proposed. On the death of John, in 1750, his son Joseph I., prince of the Brazils, succeeded him, and the marquis of Pombal a vigorous reformer, administered the government, to the universal satisfaction of the people. He attacked the Jesuits and the nobility, who dur ing the preceding reigns had exercised a secret influence in the govern ment. The exposure of the power of the Jesuits in Paraguay, their conduct at the time of the earthquake in Lisbon (1755), and the conspiracy against the life of the king (1756), led to the suppression of the order; in 1757 they had been deprived of the post of confessors to the royal family, and forbidden the court. Two years after, all the Jesuits were banished the kingdom, and their estates were confiscated. The brave count of Schauenburg-Lippe, to whose services against Spain, in 1760, Portugal was so much indebted, likewise reformed the Portuguese army; but soon after his departure, the effects of his improvements disappeared.

On the accession of Maria Francisca Isabella, eldest daughter of Joseph (in 1777), the marquis of Pombal lost the influence which he had possessed for twenty-five years. To him Portugal owed her revival from her previous lethargy; and although many of his useful regulations did not survive his fall, yet the enlightened views he introduced, and the national feeling which he awakened, were not without permanent effects. In 1792, on account of the sickness of the queen, Juan Maria Joseph, prince of Brazil (the title of the prince-royal until 1816), was declared regent; and, in 1799, her malady having terminated in a confirmed mental aberration, the prince was declared regent with full regal powers, but made no change in the policy of the government. His connexions with England involved him in the wars of that country against France; and the Portuguese troops distinguished themselves by their valour in the peninsular campaigns. Commercial distress, the accumulating debt, and the threatening language which Spain was compelled by France to adopt, led to a peace with France in 1797; but the disasters of the French arms in 1799 encouraged the regent to renew hostilities, in alliance with England and Russia.

As soon, however, as Bonaparte had established his authority, Spain was obliged to declare war against Portugal; but it was terminated the same year (1801) by the treaty of Badajos, by which Portugal was obliged to cede Olivença, with the payment of a large sum of money to Spain Portugal, meanwhile, preserved a mere shadow of independence by the great. est sacrifices, until at last Junot entered the country, and the house of Braganza was declared, by Napoleon, to have forfeited the throne; this impudent declaration arising from the refusal of the prince to seize th English merchandise in his dominions. The regent now threw himsel entirely into the arms of the English, and on the 9th of November, 1307 embarked for Brazil. Junot entered the capital the next day, and Portugal was treated as a conquered country. An English force was landed, and, in the northern provinces, numerous bodies of native troops deter mined to maintain the struggle for freedom; a junta was also established in Oporto to conduct the government. After some hard fighting, the decisive battle of Vimeira took place (August 21, 1808), which was followed

by the convention of Cintra, and the evacuation of the country by the French forces.

During 1808, 1809, and 1810, Portugal was the chief scene of the mili tary contest between Great Britain and France; and the Portuguese subsequently also took an active part in the war of Spanish independence. On the death of Maria, John VI. ascended the throne of Portugal, and Brazil. This transference of the court of Lisbon into an American colony was followed by important consequences: firstly, that Brazil attempted to withdraw itself from dependence on England; and secondly, that the colony gradually became a separate state. In Portugal, on the contrary the influence of England continued, and the condition of the kingdom was not essentially changed. In 1816, John VI. refused to return to Lisbon, whither a squadron under Sir John Beresford had been sent to convey him; partly, it is said, because he was displeased at the disregard to his rights shown by the congress of Vienna; partly because the unpopularity of the commercial treaty had alienated him from England; but, probably, still more because he was influenced by the visible growth of a Brazilian party which now aimed at independence. Henceforward, indeed, the separation of Portugal from Brazil manifestly approached. The Portuguese of Europe began to despair of seeing the seat of monarchy at Lisbon; the regency there were without strength, all appointments were obtained from the distant court of Rio Janeiro; men and money were drawn away for the Brazilian war on the Rio de la Plata; the army left behind was unpaid; in fine, all the materials of formidable discontent were heaped up in Portugal, when the Spanish revolution broke out, in the beginning of 1820. Six months elapsed without its communicating to Portugal; but in August the garrison of Oporto declared for a revolution, and, being joined on their march to the capital by all the troops on their line, were received with open arms by the garrison of Lisbon; and it was determined to bestow on Portugal a still more popular constitution than that of Spain.

This revolution was unattended by violence or bloodshed. A provistonal government was established, which, on the first of October, formed a union with the junta of Oporto. Count Palmella, the head of the royal regency, was despatched to Rio Janeiro with an account of what had happened, and a petition that the king or the prince royal would return to Lisbon. The mode of electing the cortes was settled chiefly in imitation of the Spanish constitution; and the liberal party, which was desirous of the immediate adoption of that constitution, obliged the supreme junta (November 11) to administer the oath of obedience to it to the troops. The regency of Lisbon, by the advice of a Portuguese minister, at once faithful to his sovereign and friendly to the liberty of his country, made an attempt to stem the torrent by summoning an assembly of the cortes. The attempt was too late; but it pointed to the only means of saving the monarchy. The same minister, on his arrival in Brazil, at the end of 1820, advised the king to send his eldest son to Portugal as viceroy, with a constitutional charter, in which the legislature was to be divided into two chambers. He also recommended an assembly of the most respectable Brazilians at Rio Janiero to organize their affairs. But a revolution in that capital speedily brought matters to a crisis; and the popular party, headed by Don Pedro, the king's eldest son, declared for the constitution of Portugal, and the separation of Brazil at the same time.

On the 9th of March, 1821, the articles of the new constitution, securing freedom of person and property, the liberty of the press, legal equality, and the abolition of privileges, the admission of all citizens to all offices, and the sovereignty of the nation, were adopted almost unanimously. There was more diversity of opinion concerning the organization of the chambers, and the royal veto; but large majorities finally decided in favour of one chamber and a conditional veto. After some disturbances in Brazil,

he king sailed for Portugal, but was not permitted to land until he had given his const it to the several acts of the cortes, imposing restrictions on his power. On landing, he in nediately swore to observe the new constitution and concurred, without opposition, to all the succeeding acts of the corte 3. The revolutionary cortes were as tenacious of the authority of the mother country as the royal administration; and they accordingly recalled the heir-apparent to Lisbon. But the spirit of independence arose among the Brazilians, who, encouraged by the example of the Spanish Americans, presented addresses to the prince, beseeching him not to yield to the demands of the Portuguese assembly, who desired to make him a prisoner, as they had made his father; bu», by assuming the crown of Brazil, to provide for his own safety, as well as for their liberty. In truth, it is evident he neither could have continued in Brazil without acceding to the popular desire, nor have then left it without insuring the destruction of monarchy in that country. He acquiesced, therefore, in the prayer of these petitions; the independence of Brazil was proclaimed, and the Portuguese monarchy thus finally dismembered.

In the summer of 1823, the advance of the French army into Spain excited a revolt of the Portuguese royalists; and now the infant Don Miguel, the king's second son, attracted notice, by appearing at the head of a battallion who declared against the constitution; and the inconstant soldiery, equally ignorant of the objects of their revolts against the king or the cortes, were easily induced to overthrow their own slight work. After a short interval, the possessors of authority relapsed into the ancient and fatal error of their kind :—that of placing their security in maintaining unlimited power. A resistance to the constitution, which grew up in the interior of the court, was fostered by foreign influence; and, after a struggle of some months, prevented the promulgation of a charter well considered and digested.

In April, 1824, part of the garrison of Lisbon surrounded the king's palace, and hindered the access of his servants to him; some of his ministers were imprisoned, and the diplomatic body, including the papal nuncio, the French ambassadors, and the Russian as well as the English minister, were the only means at last of restoring him to some degree of lib erty; which was, however, so imperfect, that, by the advice of the French ambassador, the king, accompanied by his two daughters (May 9), took refuge on board of an English ship of war in the Tagus, where, with the assistance of the whole diplomatic corps, he was at length able to re-establish his authority. In all the transactions which rendered this step necessary, Don Miguel had acted a most conspicuous part. He, however, declared that his object was to frustrate a conspiracy, which was on the point of breaking out, against the life of the king and the queen; and so well inclined was the king to pardon his son, that he accepted his explanation, and forgave these youthful faults as involuntary errors. The king, at length, issued a proclamation (June 4), for restoring the ancient constitution of the Portuguese monarchy, with assurances that an assembly of the cortes, or three estates of the realm, should be speedily held with all their legal rights, and especially with the privilege of laying before the king, for his consideration, the heads of such measures as they might deem necessary for the public good, for the administration of justice, and for the redress of grievances, whether public or private. To that assem bly was referred the consideration of the periodical meetings of succeeding cortes, and the means of progressively ameliorating the administration of the state. On the 14th of May the king returned ashore; and on the 4th of the following month he proclaimed an act of amnesty for the adherents of the cortes of 1820, from which only a few exceptions were made; on the same day appeared the decree of June 4, reviving the old constitution of the estates, and summoning the cortes of Lamego. At the same time