inevitably approaching the Choctaw, the Cherokee, and the Creek, if they remained within the limits of the states. He said that regard to our national honour brought forward the question whether something could not be done 10 preserve the race. As a means, to this end, he suggested thai an ample district west of the Mississippi, and without the limits of any state or territory, might be set apart and guaranteed to the Indian tribes, each to have distinct jurisdiction over the part designated for its use, and free from any control of the United States, other than might be necessary to preserve peace on the frontier. There the benevolent might teach them; and there they might form a nation which would perpetuate their race, and attest the humanity of the American government.

The grand difficulty of the project, and one which would have appalled a timid mind, was met by the president in a characteristic manner. "The emigration," said he, "should be voluntary, for it would be as cruel as unjust to compel the aborigines to abandon the graves of their fathers, and seek a home in a distant land." Congress sanctioned the undertaking, and empowered the president to carry it out; and he fearlessly commenced, what, perhaps, no human ruler ever did before, to combine freewill with necessity. To cause the Indians to emigrate voluntarily, for their own good, became thenceforth his settled policy.

In 1831, on the 4th day of July, died James Monroe, fifth president of the United States. It has been considered a little remarkable, that no less than three American ex-presidents have died on the same day, and that the anniversary of their national independence. First, John Adams and Thomas Jetferson, men who had probably contributed as largely as any others towards the elevation of their country in the scale of nations, simultaneously departed this life, amid the thunder of cannon and ringing of bells which announced the commencement of the second half-century of iheir well-loved country's existence: and next, as we have seen, on the same day of the fifth year following, Mr. Monroe was called also to joiu the glorious company of his patriot predecessors in the spirit-land.

About this time, under the auspices of John C. Spencer, Richard Rush, and others, sprang into notice a new political party—the anti-masonic. Immediately subsequent to the conclusion of the Morgan trials, which ended in the release of supposed culprits, the excitement of the public ran very high against an institution seeming to possess such unwarrantable and unlimited influence over life and law. The opportunity was of course seized, By demagogues or enthusiasts, to attempt the erection of a novel and attractive hobby for "the people," whereon they might ride themselves at least into temporary authority. In this case, indeed, the capital seemed unusually good, and the prospects very fair; various and talented statesmen had openly affirmed their belief in the unconstitutionality of the denounced institution: and, with the most commendable judgment, no less a man than William Wirt, of Maryland, was chosen and persuaded to run as the candidate of the new party in the approaching contest for the president chair. Alas! a chilling frost was destined suddenly to blight ihe risines of the aspirants; notwithstanding the ardency of theii Converts and the availability of candidates—in the election which presently succeeded, their really estimable ticket received but the vote of one Hiate in the union—that being Vermont. Upon the ruins of this air-castle a new fabric was shortly to be founded, eventually to attract some attention, under the name and style of the anti-slavery party.

In the month of August, 1831, a slave-insurrection of considerable local anportance broke out in Southampton county, Virginia. It was originated by a crazy sort of vagrant nick-named "Nat.," who had passed among Ihe negroes for some time as a Baptist preacher. His reputation for piety, or fanaticism, had so imposed upon the planters, that the wonder only was hid influence had not been greater, and the struggle consequently more

fierce and bloody. The number of whites massacred on rising, was fifty eight—consisting principally of decrepid men, women and children. The blacks then fled to the swamps, apparently terrified at their own atrocities; and were presently subdued with but little difficulty, yielding up their leaders to the gallows.

Abroad, the American minister at the French court, William C. Rives, this year effected a treaty with that nation, by the terms of which twentyfive millions of francs were agreed to be paid to the American government, in appropriate instalments, for spoliations upon commerce during die turbulent sway of the emperor Napoleon.

With the Neapolitan government we had negotiated in vain previous tc this year, for an amicable adjustment of claims against it for the sequestration and plunder of American property during the ephemeral reign of Joachim Murat. The sudden appearance in the Bay of Naples of a respectable number of armed United States' vessels, however, together with a peremptory demand from General Jackson's minister, Mr. Nelson, of Maryland, seemed to bring his majesty of the Two Sicilies to reason. order was directly given upon his treasurer, for the payment of 2,115,000 ducats, or $1,720,000, to be paid in nine equal instalments, wlih interest at the rate of 4 per centum until paid.

An

Stephen Girard, the great Philadelphia banker, died in December of this year. At the time of his death he was supposed to be the richest man in the nation—possessing about ten millions of dollars in available funds. In the war of 1812-14 he loaned the United States' government $5,000,000; and at the time of his death, with a praiseworthy liberality but little emulated by his trustees since, devised the great mass of his property to various charitable institutions and purposes in and near the city of Philadelphia. Early in life he commenced a small trading business in lint city, and by frugality and persevering industry there acquired his wealth. February 1st, 1832, Commodore Downes, in the United States' frigate Potomac, arrived on the coast of Sumatra, being principally on an expedition to chastise a horde of Malay savages for certain outrages upoa Americans and their commerce. Among other charges against them, was one on account of the ship Friendship, of Salem; it appears this vessil had formerly traded with them for spices, &c., when, on a convenient occasion occurring, the barbarians determined upon appropriating to themselves the ship and its contents, after an indiscriminate massacre of th« crew, by which they vainly hoped to hide their crime. When the chiefs were applied to for restitution in this case, and the delivery of the mur derers, they with characteristic cupidity denied all knowledge of the matter and refused to give any kind of satisfaction. Commodore Downes took prompt and efficient steps directly; in the night of the 6th, his frigate was quietly worked in towards shore, and at dawn of day, in the nnst, two hundred and sixty men were landed in detachments, without disturbing the natives. A simultaneous attack was made upon their five forts, which were in about three hours reduced, with cuch slaughter on the part of the Malays; while a heavy cannonade from the ship at the same time, soon laid their town of Quallah Battoo in ashes. The loss of the Americans was but two killed, and eight or ten wounded. A few moontaineers visited the frigate shortly after, when the commodore left word that he should call there again—if necessary.

Nearer home, this year, disturbances with savage tribes embroiled the public peace. In the month of April, the Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes. with a few Pottowalomies, Indians inhabiting the country of the Uppei Mississippi, re-crossed that river under the chief Black Hawk, his son, and the so-called "Prophet"—the last being a shrewd, designing knavp always accompanying or concerned in the war and massacre undertakings of the red men. Being well armed and active, they soon scattered them

seives through Illinois, where formerly they had dwelt, and burned and murdered all before them which bore any marks of civilization. Generals Atkinson and Scott were despatched against them. The several garrisons on the seaboard, from Fort Monroe, in Virginia, to New-York harbour, were directly ordered to Buffalo; and there were embarked upon steamboat! with all haste for the scene of action. Now, most unhappily, from the heated and crowded manner in which the troops under Scott's command were obliged to travel (having been hurried through the country one thousand eight hundred miles in eighteen days), the cholera, which had just made its appearance in the country, broke out among them, and began to rage terribly. Language cannot depict the distress which ensued, both before and after the troops were landed. Many died, many deserted; and many perished in the woods from absolute starvation. At length the panic and distress partially subsided; and a few of tne men were by forced marches enabled to reach General Atkinson's encampment. But the first action of consequence was fought by the mounted volunteer's under generals Dodge and Henry, who came upon Black Hawk's warriors on the banks of the Winconsin, July 21st. A sharp contest ensued, in which the Indians were worsted and put to flight, leaving nearly one hundred of their people on the field—the victors returning to General Atkinson for provisions.

An incident is related as occurring in a skirmish called by the Indians the battle of the Bad Axe. They were surprised by the whites at daylight in their huts, when women and children were unavoidably killed, from being indiscriminately mingled with the men. Among the rest, a young squaw, with her papoose, was flying for the river's bank, when a rifle ball pierced her breast, causing instant death to her, and breaking an arm of the infant. Her body fell upon that of the child so as to prevent its releasing itself—and for two hours and a half its cries were heard at intervals by the attacking party. At length, when the firing had abated, an officer of the assailants made his way to the little complainer, and had it as soon as possible conveyed to the garrison at Prairie du Chien, and confided to the best offices of the surgeon. It has since grown into a sprightly girl—the pet of the company.

In a general engagement at the mouth of the Upper Iowa, on the 2d of August, the Indians were completely routed and dispersed; the chiefs shortly after were delivered up, and the fugitives consented to return at once to their appointed quarters west of the Mississippi. Black Hawk, his son, and several warriors of note were conveyed to Fortress Monse, where they were detained a few months; and then carried through the principal cities of the United states, and the civilization and works of defence of the nation exhibited to them. They were then sent home to their people, convinced of the folly of attempting to contend against the power and discipline of the whites, with the unmanageable fury of their wild bands. In consideration of the lands which they left to the states upon taking possession of their new territories, the federal government pays to the Winnebagoes $10,000 per annum for twenty-seven years from the date of their leaving. To the Sacs and Foxes, it pays $20,000 annually for thirly years from the same time.

The Cholera pestilence this year ravaged the entire Union. It appears to have crossed the Atlantic with a company of emigrants in ships bound Uj Quebec and Montreal, from thence spreading quickly in every direc on, though mainly and with most severity pursuing the great courses of travel. It broke out in several cities of the United States about the same time, in the month of July, and raged until autumn set in. In the city of New-York, four thousand persons are computed to have fallen its victims. Philadelphia, Baltimore, Charleston, and New-Orleans, suffered in nearly the same ratio, in defiance of all the usual precautionary measures.

On

Boston, and the New-England states, were scourged less severely. the American continent, nothing but the frosts of winter appeared effectually to arrest its progress: yet, amid the everlasting snows of Russia, it had manifested itself with true Asiatic virulence. Climate seemed to be no safeguard, nor ocean-wide barriers any defence. In mild southern France, the number of its victims was frightfully enormous; in the cities of Mexico, one-fourth of the population was destroyed; and on the island of Cuba, $100,000,000 worth of slaves are said to have perished in less than ninety days. It is stated, that on this island the cofTee-planters mostly escaped the affliction, while the neighbouring sugar plantations were completely depopulated.

Death, in various forms, visited the great names of the earth, in the course of 1832. In New-York, of the prevailing epidemic, died William H. Maynard, eminent as a state senator, who left by his will the sum of twenty thousand dollars to establish a law professorship in Hamilton college. In Boston, the celebrated Doctor Spurzheim, founder, in connection with Doctor Gall, of the science of phrenology. In Ohio, the Rt. Rev. Roman Catholic Bishop Fenwick. In Georgia, Thomas Cobb, a revolutionary character, aged 120. In Maryland, Charles Carroll of Carrollton, the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, ≈ 96. In New-Hampshire, Captain Joseph Pratt, a naval commander of much esteem in the annals of revolutionary coasting. In Rhode Island, Captain Stephen Olney, of whom it is said, he was the first to scale the enemy't fortifications, and then shout the command, "Captain Olney's company will form here!" In New-Jersey, Philip Freneau, an early and prolific writer of American fugitive poetry. In Connecticut, Judge Hillhouse, a distinguished statesman and lawyer. At Abbottsford, Great Britain, Sir Walter Scott," the wizard of the north." In London, Baron Tenterden, chief-justice of the king's bench. In France, General Lamarque, one oi Napoleon's officers. Also, Champollion, the renowned French tourist— and, Casimir Perier, a statesman of celebrity in Paris. In Rome, Madame Letitia, mother of Bonaparte, « 82. At the palace of Schoenbrunn. near Vienna, 21, Napoleon Francis Charles Joseph, duke Reichstaut, only son of Napoleon Bonaparte.

A. D. 1833.—It is proper now to take a farewell glance at that monsterspirit of the South, known as nullification, which once stalked with fearful mien among us. The electioneering campaign of '32 had merged ail minor considerations, in the unusual exacerbation with which it was conducted. But when the result became known, and General Jackson, a southern man, was declared re-elected with increased majorities, together with Martin Van Buren, of New-York, "a northern man with southern principles," as his opponents termed him in derision for his lack of political bitterness. When this ticket was found to be triumphant, we say southern agitators grew rampant. They looked upon such men as a god send for their especial purposes: and in full confidence a legislative convention was called at Columbia, South Carolina, where the acts of Congress imposing duties for protection, were pronounced unconstitutional, and of no binding force in that state. Governor Hamilton in his messagt recommended the legislature to pass laws for preventing the enforcement of the revenue statutes by United States' collectors, and advised iminediate preparations of a warlike nature to be made, placing the state in the best posture of defence. To the astonishment of these ultras. General Jackson at once, and in the most admirable spirit, issued a proclamation, calling on them to beware lest they should incur the penalties of such /ashness and treason, while he set forth in a tone of candor and decisica the principles and powers of the general government, and his firm determination in any event to maintain the laws. This seemed only to increase the exasperation in South Carolina; the governor of the state, by author

ity of the legislature, issued a counter-proclamation, urging the people to be faithful to their primary allegiance to the state, and to resist to the last any efforts of the United States' authorities to collect the tariff dues. A purchase was made of ten thousand stand of small arins, with appropriate munitions, &c., and general orders issued to raise volunteers for repelling invasion; messengers were also dispatched to neighbouring states, soliciting their co-operation and support. General Jackson hereupon addressed a message to Congress, recommending the adoption of such measures as would enable the executive to suppress this spirit of insubordination, and maintain inviolate the laws of the United States. Castle Pinckney and Fort Moultrie were accordingly reinforced with government troops, and Commodore Elliott ordered to rendezvous in Charleston bay with a fleet. John C. Calhoun had resigned the vice-presidency at the close of 1832, in order to take a seat in the United States' Senate for the purpose of lending his efficient aid to the support of the measures of his state. Thus everything betokened a civil war: but a timely appeal from the general assembly of Virginia, deprecatory of haste and passion, together with a momentary gleam from the better judgment of the leading men of South Carolina, produced a suspension of aggressive measures for a short time; when Henry Clay's celebrated "compromise bill" being at this precise juncture introduced in Congress, was passed rapidly through both houses, and had the effect of most happily dispelling, at once and forever, it is to be hoped, the dark and portentous storm which lowered around.

Hardly had the ferment consequent upon a disorganizing movement among the states been allayed, when a new source of excitement came into public view. The United States' bank had from the first been the depositary of a large amount of government funds; and as the bank's charter was now about to expire, without a hope of renewal (the president having already vetoed a bill for its continuance), Congress was in hi9 message recommended to remove the deposits to some more safe place of keeping. This was refused, in the representatives, by the unusually strong vote of 109 to 46. Nothing daunted, the executive began to plan his measures for rescuing the public funds in spite of Congress. By the act creating the United States' Bank, it was provided that the secretary of the treasury might remove the public deposits, but he was required to lay his reasons upon so doing directly before Congress. W. J. Duaue, of Pennsylvania, being then at the head of the treasury department, immediately upon the recess of Congress was desired by General Jackson to issue an order for the transfer of the public monies, on account of the following-named reasons: first, a general unsafeness of the bank; second, the bank's improper conduct in postponing the redemption of the government three per cents., and thereby delaying the liquidation of the public debt, which was a favourite measure of the administration; third, its exaction of damages ($170,041), for dishonour of the government's draft on France for four millions of francs, being the first instalment due under a recent treaty with the French; and fourth, interference with politics. Mr. Duane not deeming these reasons sufficient, refused either to give the desired order, or to resign his office. Not to be thwarted thus, the president summarily dismissed the refractory officer, and appointed in his stead Roger B. Taney, of Maryland, who immediately complied with the wishes of the executive, and the deposits were removed. They were transferred to the care of several state banks; the opposition choosing to consider such institutions equally unsafe as the "mother bank," the whole matter presently became a subject of fierce recrimination and debate, both in and out of Congress. The bank party were strongly in majority; yet they suffered the government funds to remain where they had been confided by the new secretary, contenting themselves with placing upon record in the senate a resolution denouncing in the strongest terms the