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lected by said Earl & Prew Express Company from the consignee. The electric express company would then deliver said goods to the Earl & Prew Express Company and receive its bill of lading for the same, stating that the goods were received for shipment from the Rhode Island Company. The three shipments now in question were delivered to the defendant, the Rhode Island Company, in this manner; and the undisputed testimony is that the Rhode Island Company safely delivered said three shipments to the Earl & Prew Express Company; but the goods were never delivered to the consignees.

Save as to the names of the consignees and the descriptions of the goods, the three bills of lading, filled out by the plaintiff and signed by the car conductor of the Rhode Island Company, when said three shipments were delivered by the plaintiff to the Rhode Island Company, were in the same forms, and each was as follows: "Original. Providence, R. I. 8/6, 1908. "Received from Glenlyon Dye Works, by the Interstate Express Company,

"The property described below, in apparent good order except as noted (contents and conditions of contents of packages unknown), marked, consigned and destined as indicated below, which said company agrees to carry to the said destination, if on its road, otherwise to deliver to another carrier on the route to said destina

tion.

without a jury, and said justice rendered a
decision for the plaintiff for $50 upon each
shipment, in all for the sum of $150. The
case is before us upon the plaintiff's excep-
tions to certain rulings of said justice upon
the admission of evidence and upon its ex-
ception to said decision. It appeared in testi-
mony before said justice that the plaintiff's
business required it to make frequent ship-
ments of goods; that from 1901 to 1907 it
had carried such goods by its own wagons
from its works to the depot of the Earl &
Prew Express Company in Providence, a dis-
tance of about four miles, had there deliver-
ed said goods to the express company for
shipment, and had received therefor the bills
of lading of the express company. Early in
1907 the Interstate Express Company estab-
lished a line of electric express cars, operat-
ed by overhead trolley, between Providence
and Phillipsdale; this business later passed
into the hands of the Rhode Island Company.
From the beginning of said electric express
service until the time of the shipments in
question, the plaintiff sent its goods to Provi-
dence by said electric express, which deliv-
ered said goods in Providence to the Earl &
· Prew Express Company. From January,
1907, until August, 1908, apparently with the
acquiescence of the Earl & Prew Express
Company if not by its direction, the plaintiff
filled out the blank receipts or bills of lading
of the Earl & Prew Express Company for its
goods, forwarded in this manner to said com-
pany. These bills of lading were signed by
the electric express car conductors for the
Earl & Prew Express Company, and were re-
tained by the plaintiff. About August 1,
1908, the Earl & Prew Express Company re-
fused to permit the electric car conductors
any longer to sign its receipts, and directed
its servants to receive the shipments of the
plaintiff from the electric express and to de-
liver to the electric express car conductors
a receipt or bill of lading which should state
that said shipments were received from the
Rhode Island Company, thus ending any Description of Articles.
course of dealing by which it might appear
that the electric express company was acting
as the agent of the Earl & Prew Express
Company. After August 1, 1908, the plain-
tiff, if it desired to ship goods through the
Earl & Prew Express Company, would fill
out a blank receipt or bill of lading, furnish-
ed by the Rhode Island Company, and on the
delivery of said goods to the electric express
car conductor would obtain his signature to
said bill of lading, which bill was retained
by the plaintiff. In said bill the plaintiff
would write "Via E. & P. Ex.," which indi-
cated that said goods were to be shipped to
their destination through the Earl & Prew
Express Company. The plaintiff would al-
so indicate by the word "Paid" written in
said bill that the charges of the Earl & Prew
Express Company were to be prepaid by the
electric express company, or by the word
electric express company, or by the word
"Collect" that said charges were to be col

"It is mutually agreed in consideration of the rate of freight hereinafter named, as to each carrier of all or any of said property over all or any portion of said route to destination, and as to each party at any time interested in all or any of said property that every service to be performed hereunder shall be subject to all the conditions, whether printed or written, herein contained, and which are hereby agreed to by the shipper and by him accepted for himself and his assigns as just and reasonable. the steamship company receiving this shipment "The conditions of the regular bill of lading of are hereby made a portion of this contract and are binding the same as if expressed herein. Consignee: Vietor & Archelis, Dept. P. K. Destination: New York City, N. Y.

1 Case No. 1873
Paid

Via E. & P. Ex.

Weight
Subject to Correction.

"The conditions upon which the above-mentioned property is received for transportation are printed on the back hereof.

"The Interstate Express Company,

"Per [Signed] Hourd." The only condition printed upon the back of said receipt, which appears to us to be material, is the following:

"(3) No carrier shall be liable for loss or damage not occurring on its own road or its portion of the through route, nor after said property is ready for delivery to the next carrier or to consignee. The amount of any loss or damage for which any carrier becomes liable shall be computed at the value of the property at the place and time of shipment under the bill of lading, unless a lower value has been agreed upon or is determined by the classification upon which the rate is based, in either of which events such lower value shall be maximum price to govern such computation."

[1] The first question which arises in the consideration of the case is whether, in view of the course of dealing between the parties, and especially by reason of the terms of the condition quoted above, the defendant, the Rhode Island Company, is liable in any amount. The defendant, and by that term, hereafter in this opinion, we shall refer to the Rhode Island Company, claims that it was acting simply as the teamer of the plaintiff, taking the place of the plaintiff's own wagons, in carrying the plaintiff's goods from Phillipsdale to Providence and delivering the same to the Earl & Prew Express Company; that it performed this service safely and was under no further liability; also that no loss or damage to said goods occurred on the road of the Rhode Island Company, and hence it is not liable in accordance with the condition printed on the back of its bills of lading accepted by the plaintiff. In support of this the defendant calls attention to the testimony showing the manner in which its charges and the charges of the Earl & Prew Company were paid by the plaintiff. The defendant fixed no through rate from Phillipsdale to New York, and it did not render to the plaintiff a bill for through charges. The defendant did have an agreement with the plaintiff for a rate from Phillipsdale to Providence of six cents per hundred pounds, irrespective of the character of the goods or their value. This charge of the defendant was paid by the plaintiff upon weekly bills rendered to the plaintiff on all goods carried and delivered to the Earl & Prew Company, whether the charges of the Earl & Prew Company were prepaid or that company was to collect its charges from the consignee. When the charges of the Earl & Prew Company were to be prepaid, the defendant advanced the amount of these charges, and, in its bill rendered to the plaintiff, placed said amount as a separate item under the head of "Advances."

.

These and other circumstances in the dealings between the plaintiff and the defendant would lead to the conclusion that the defendant was acting merely as the agent of the plaintiff in carrying the plaintiff's goods to the Earl & Prew Company, and that, when it had performed such service, its liability was at an end. The defendant, however, by its bills of lading, in the three shipments now under consideration, has fixed its status in those transactions as an interstate carrier, and hence it is subject to all the restrictive provisions prescribed by Congress in the Interstate Commerce Act and its amendments. It has undertaken to carry said goods from Phillipsdale to their destination in New York City, and by that fact, in accordance with the universally accepted rule, it was engaged in commerce between the states and was subject to the legislation of Congress. It became what is known as the initial carrier, and according to the provisions of section 20 of the Interstate Commerce Act,

which section is known as the Carmack Amendment, it was responsible for any loss or damage to said goods caused by it or any carrier to which said goods were delivered in transit, notwithstanding the condition printed upon the back of the defendant's bills of lading, by which it sought to restrict its liability to any loss or damage occurring on its own road. Said Carmack Amendment (34 St. at Large, 584) provides as follows:

"That any common carrier, railroad, or transportation company receiving property for transportation from a point in one state to a point in another state shall issue a receipt or bill of lading therefor and shall be liable to the lawful holder thereof for any loss, damage, or injury to such property caused by it or by any common carrier, railroad, or transportation company to which such property may be delivered or over whose line or lines such property may pass, and no contract, receipt, rule, or regulation shall exempt such common carrier, railroad, or transportation company from the liability hereby imposed."

The question then arises, under the conflicting claims of the parties, whether, in the circumstances of this case, the defendant is liable for the full value of the goods lost or in a less amount. The plaintiff claims that under the Carmack Amendment and the terms of the defendant's bills of lading, especially the terms of condition 3 printed on the back, it is entitled to recover the full value of said goods at the place and time of shipment.

[2] It appeared in evidence that the rates of the Earl & Prew Express Company between Providence and New York were established, duly filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission, and approved by it, and duly published and posted as required by the Interstate Commerce Law. Those schedules stated that the rate was based upon a value of not exceeding $50 per shipment, and that no further liability is assumed by the company unless the shipper declares, at the time of shipment, a higher value. If a value of more than $50 upon the goods is declared by the shipper, a higher rate is charged and greater precautions against loss are taken by the Earl & Prew Company. In the defendant's bills of lading, which were filled out by the plaintiff, no rate is named, and no value of the goods shipped is declared, but the defendant is directed to ship the goods to destination through the Earl & Prew Express Company.

The plaintiff claims that, notwithstanding the direction in the bills of lading, the defendant was not obliged to forward the goods through the Earl & Prew Express Company; that, by a specific condition in its bills of lading, it might have limited its liability in accordance with the limitations contained in the rates of the Earl & Prew Company, or it might have forwarded the goods through some other carrier which did not differentiate its rates in accordance with the classification based on values, as was done by the Earl & Prew Company. The plaintiff has cited a number of cases which it claims supports

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this contention. Those cases appear to us to hold merely that a carrier is not obliged to undertake to transport goods beyond its own lines; that it is at liberty to do so upon such terms, as to routes, as it may fix or agree upon. The defendant has called to our attention a large number of decisions of the Interstate Commerce Commission to the effect that, if an initial carrier undertakes to forward goods beyond its own lines, it is obliged by law to follow the shipper's directions as to routes, if any are given. In this case, moreover, it was a part of the defendant's undertaking to forward the goods to their destination through the Earl & Prew Company, and by no other carrier. The plaintiff cannot be heard to urge that the rates of the Marl & Prew Company have no bearing on the case because the defendant might have disregarded its contract and sent the goods forward through some other carrier.

fixed under the law. To hold differently would be subversive of good policy, and it would tend to nullify the law."

In Louisville & Nashville R. R. Co. v. Dickerson, 191 Fed. 705, 709, 112 C. C. A. 295, 299, the court said:

merely the rate imposed by the carrier, but be"A rate once regularly published is no longer comes the rate imposed by law; and routes and rates once so established become matter of public right and forbid private contract inconsistent therewith. It results that, under the commerce act, a stipulation in a bill of lading for a rate greater or less than the published tariff is void." It also appeared in testimony that the plaintiff had dealt with the Earl & Prew Express Company for years, had actual knowledge of the rates of that company, and knew that there were two rates, each based upon the valuation of the merchandise declared by the shipper. The manager of the plaintiff corporation testified as follows:

12 Q. "In any event, you were aware, were you not, Mr. Blanchard, that the charges were higher on goods on which value was declared?" A. "In a general way, yes." 13 Q. "That there "Based upon value, in force by the Earl & was a graduated charge?" A. "Yes." 14 Q. Prew and Adams Express Company?" A. "I was."

did not declare value on his shipments because it would be too expensive.

The defendant had no through rate from Phillipsdale to New York City on file with the Interstate Commerce Commission and approved by it. It had never quoted to the plaintiff a through rate from Phillipsdale to New York City. Its charge for such serv- It was also in testimony and not conice was its own rate of six cents per hun-tradicted that the manager stated that he dred pounds from Phillipsdale to Providence, which had been agreed upon between the parties, plus the charges of the Earl & Prew Company from Providence to New York, which the defendant had paid under the name of advances for the plaintiff. The rates of the Earl & Prew Company, however, were filed with and had been approved by the Interstate Commerce Commission. To secure equality, rates, when so approved, have been held to have the force of rates imposed by law and cannot be varied. Such a rate becomes binding upon all persons, and all shippers are charged with knowledge of it as constituting the lawful rate.

It thus appears that, when the plaintiff delivered said three shipments to the defendant, it directed that its goods should move by the Earl & Prew Company from Providence, and by that direction the defendant was bound; that the plaintiff knew the rates of the Earl & Prew Company; that those rates were based upon the value of the goods shipped, and that, if no value was declared, the shipments should be considered as of the value of $50 each, and no further liability would be assumed by the Earl & Prew Company; that the rate which it was to pay to

In Gerber v. Wabash R. R. Co., 63 Mo. the defendant for the through services to App. 145, 147, the court said:

"Considering the evils which the interstate commerce law was intended to remedy, would it, under any circumstances, be good policy to allow contracts made in violation of it to be enforced specifically? We think not. Prior to its enactment, the complaint was almost universal that the common carriers were discriminating in their rates in favor of favored shippers. To remedy this evil as to interstate shipments, Congress enacted the law; and it should be construed and enforced so as not in the least to thwart its purpose. Strictly speaking, the published schedules are not a part of the law itself, but are the results of the acts of the carrier and the interstate commerce commissioners in execution of the law. But every shipper must be presumed to know of the existence of the schedules and that they are open for his inspection, and also of the terms of the act rendering invalid every contract of affreightment not made in accordance therewith. Therefore, where a Therefore, where a contract for an interstate shipment has seen made defendent thereon, the shipper must be held to have contracted with reference to and in accordance with the rates fixed by the schedules, regardless of the terms of his contract. In other words, the rates of interstate shipments are not the subject of contract, but are in effect

New York City was to be the defendant's own rate to Providence, plus the rate of the Earl & Prew Company, which was based upon a valuation of $50 on each shipment. Can it fairly be held otherwise than that the plaintiff's position, at least with reference to a loss after delivery of said shipments to the Earl & Prew Company, is the same as if it had specifically declared a value of $50 on each shipment, by which declaration, made for the purpose of obtaining a lower rate, it would be bound?

In Wells Fargo & Co. v. Neiman-Marcus Co., 227 U. S. 469, 33 Sup. Ct. 267, 57 L. Ed. 600, the court said:

"But the shipper, in accepting the receipt reciting that the company 'is not to be held liable beyond the sum of $50, at not exceeding which sum said property is hereby valued, unless a different value is hereinabove stated,' did declare and represent that the value did not exceed that sum, and did obtain a rate which he is to be assumed to have known was based upon that as the actual value. There is no substantial distinction between a value stated upon inquiry,

ceed the amount so made the rate basis."

In Kansas City Southern Ry. Co. v. Carl. 227 U. S. 639, 33 Sup. Ct. 391, 57 L. Ed. 683,

the court said:

The

and one agreed upon or declared voluntarily. I liver them to the Earl & Prew Express ComThe rate of freight was based upon the valua-pany; and that it had no further responsition thus fixed, and the liability should not ex- bility for said goods. The plaintiff claimed that this was an attempt to vary and contradict the terms of the written bills of lading, and that such evidence was inadmissible. The justice admitted it de bene esse. plaintiff has not been prejudiced by the admission of such evidence, as the superior court held that the defendant was an initial carrier who undertook the through transportation of said goods and was liable to the plaintiff for loss throughout the transit of said goods.

“But when a shipper delivers a package for shipment and declares a value, either upon request or voluntarily, and the carrier makes a rate accordingly, the shipper is estopped upon plain principles of justice from recovering, in case of loss or damage, any greater amount. *The valuation declared or agreed upon as evidenced by the contract of shipment upon which the published tariff rate is applied must be conclusive in an action to recover for loss or damage a greater sum. ** To permit such a declared valuation to be overthrown by evidence aliunde the contract, for the purpose of enabling the shipper to obtain a recovery in a suit for loss or damage in excess of the maximum valuation thus fixed, would both encourage and reward undervaluations and bring about preferences and discriminations forbidden by the law."

[4] The other evidence, to the admission of which exceptions were taken, relates to the course of dealing between the parties showing the rates of the defendant for its service to Providence, and for through service. As to this matter, there was no mention in the bills of lading, yet a finding with regard to it was essential to the determination of the controversy between the parties. This evidence tended to show that the rates of the defendant were based partly upon the rate of the Earl & Prew Express Company, and also that the plaintiff had a thorough knowledge of the rates of the Earl & Prew Express Company with reference to which the parties had contracted. This evidence was prop

Moreover, it appears to us that the parties by the terms of the bills of lading have provided as to the amount of loss for which the defendant should be liable. We refer to a portion of the third condition printed on the back of the bills of lading, and quoted above, to the effect that in computing the amount of loss, if a value lower than the actual value "has been agreed upon or is determined by the classification upon which the rate is bas-erly admissible. ed, * such lower value shall be Although the evidence disclosed no liamaximum price to govern such computation." bility on the part of the defendant, the InIt must be held that, within the contract terstate Express Company, the decision of of the parties, a part of the defendant's said justice appears to have been rendered rate, to be paid by the plaintiff, was the rate against both defendants. of the Earl & Prew Express Company. That Express Company had taken no exception to latter rate, which was well known to the said decision, we shall not disturb the deplaintiff, was based upon a classification as cision in that regard. to value, and hence a value lower than the actual value of the goods had been agreed upon and was determined by the classification as to value upon which the rate of the defendant was based.

It therefore appears to us as deducible from the course of dealings between the parties, from which their contract as to rates must be found, for the bills of lading are silent on that subject, and from the specific terms of the condition printed on the back of the bills of lading, that the liability of the defendant for the loss of the goods was limited to $50 on each shipment. The decision of said justice in that regard is without error unless said decision was based upon evidence improperly admitted.

[3] The plaintiff has included in its bill a large number of exceptions to the rulings of said justice admitting evidence during the trial. We find no merit in any of these exceptions. The defendant sought to introduce some of said evidence for the purpose of showing the course of dealings between the parties in support of its contention that it was simply the agent of the plaintiff to transport said goods to Providence, there to de

As the Interstate

All of the plaintiff's exceptions are overruled. The case is remitted to the superior court for the entry of judgment on the decision.

(37 R. I. 89)

GIBBONS v. RHODE ISLAND CO. (No. 4717.) (Supreme Court of Rhode Island. July 10, 1914.)

1. WITNESSES (§ 388*)-IMPEACHMENT-CONTRADICTORY STATEMENTS IN ANOTHER CASE.

It was proper, on cross-examination, to ask a witness whether in a deposition in another case he had not made certain statements which testimony in the present case. the plaintiff claimed were contradictory of his

[Ed. Note.-For other cases, see Witnesses, Cent. Dig. §§ 1233-1242, 1246; Dec. Dig. § 388.*]

2. TRIAL (§ 140*) — QUESTIONS FOR JURYCREDIBILITY OF WITNESSES.

Whether statements of an expert medical witness contained in a deposition made by him. in another case were inconsistent with his testimony in the present case held a question for the jury.

[Ed. Note.-For other cases, see Trial, Cent. Dig. §§ 334, 335; Dec. Dig. § 140.*]

*For other cases see same topic and section NUMBER in Dec. Dig. & Am. Dig. Key-No. Series & Rep'r Indexes

3. DAMAGES (§ 168*)-PHYSICAL CONDITION-a justice of the superior court sitting with EVIDENCE-RELEVANCY-SIMILAR FACTS. Where plaintiff claimed that as the result of her injury she was suffering from hyperthyroidism, that an examination of her blood showed an abnormal condition, indicating an excess of lymphocytes in the blood, and defendant claimed that the count of lymphocytes in plaintiff's blood was not in excess of the number appearing in the blood count of a normally healthy person, the result of certain counts of the blood of defendant's counsel was inadmissible, where there was no showing that he was in a normally healthy condition at the time of taking the sample of which the counts had been made.

a jury. The jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff in the sum of $27,500. The defendant duly filed its motion for a new trial on the ground that the damages awarded by the jury were excessive. Said justice in his decision on said motion held that the amount of said verdict was excessive, and ordered that a new trial should be granted unless, within seven days, the plaintiff should remit all of said verdict in excess of $20,000. The plaintiff did not file her remittitur in accordance with said decision. The case is before

us upon the plaintiff's exception to the decision of said justice on the motion for a new

[Ed. Note. For other cases, see Damages, Cent. Dig. §§ 480, 482-486; Dec. Dig. § 168.*] 4. DAMAGES (§ 132*)-EXCESSIVE DAMAGES-trial and upon the defendant's exceptions to INJURY TO NERVOUS SYSTEM.

certain rulings of said justice, upon the admission of evidence, made during the trial, and to the decision of said justice upon its motion for a new trial.

A verdict of $27,500 for injury to plaintiff, 25 years of age, and who, though previously in excellent health, was physically incapacitated from the time of the accident to the time of the trial nearly three years later, and was suffering from a nervous trouble, and who would never The defendant excepted to the ruling of be completely restored to health, was excessive, said justice permitting the plaintiff, in crossand would not be allowed to stand unless plain-examination of a medical witness, who had tiff filed a remittitur of the amount in excess of $20,000.

[Ed. Note.-For other cases, see Damages, Cent. Dig. §§ 372-385, 396; Dec. Dig. § 132.*] 5. APPEAL AND ERROR (§ 1140*) — DISPOSITION-OPPORTUNITY TO REMIT DAMAGES. Under Gen. Laws 1909, c. 298, § 12, providing that a verdict shall not be set aside as excessive until the prevailing party has been given an opportunity to remit so much thereof as the court adjudges excessive, the Supreme Court, on overruling defendant's exceptions and plaintiff's exception to an order for a remission of damages in excess of $20,000, with which order she had never complied, and on agreeing that $20,000 was a proper verdict, would remit to the lower court for a new trial, unless plaintiff filed a remittitur of the excess over $20,000, in which case the lower court would be directed to enter judgment for that amount.

[Ed. Note.-For other cases, see Appeal and Error, Cent. Dig. §§ 4462-4476; Dec. Dig. § 1140.*]

qualified as an expert, to call the attention of said witness to certain testimony given by him in another case between different parties, which former testimony the plaintiff claimed was contradictory of the witness' testimony given in the case at bar. In direct examination this witness testified in regard to the condition of the plaintiff :

"I think she-I am very positively of the opinion that she has one thing and that is this so-called traumatic neurosis which has been testified to, that includes elements of hysteria.'

Later, in cross-examination, the witness testified as follows:

"Q. 44. What do I understand you is the cause of this condition that you find, Doctor? A. I understand that the accident was the exciting cause; that the condition has been prolonged largely by litigation. Q. 45. And the condition is what? A. What is known as

Exceptions from Superior Court, Provi-traumatic-some call it traumatic neurosis, dence and Bristol Counties; Chester W. Barrows, Judge.

Action by Flora Gibbons against the Rhode Island Company. Verdict for plaintiff, defendant's motion for new trial denied, and new trial ordered, unless plaintiff within seven days should remit the verdict in excess of $20,000, and plaintiff and defendant except. Exceptions overruled, and case remitted for new trial unless plaintiff, on or before July 20, 1914, file a remittitur of the verdict in excess of $20,000, with direction in case plaintiff filed such remittitur to enter judgment for that amount.

John W. Hogan and Philip S. Knauer, both of Providence, for plaintiff. Joseph C. Sweeney and Eugene J. Phillips, both of Providence, for defendant.

SWEETLAND, J. This is an action of trespass on the case to recover damages for personal injuries alleged to have been received by the plaintiff through the negligence of the defendant. The case was tried before

some call it litigation neurosis at this stage, because after three years the effects of the original accident have presumably passed away and that of the litigation is the important one, long-continued study of herself, and so on. It is a mental condition largely."

And later, in cross-examination, the witness testified as follows:

"Q. 52. How long have you been diagnosing neurosis and neurasthenia following an accident, trauma? A. Oh, I suppose for-ever originated. They used to call these cases spisince the diagnosis originated. Ever since it nal concussion long ago. When I was in the medical school they called them all spinal concussion. Then about the time I graduated the opinion was changing about them, that they were that the spinal cord was not affected in these cases and it was a functional condition, and they began to call them traumatic neurosis and traumatic hysteria. That was along perhaps 1886, or something like that, and I have studied these cases ever since that time, as well as before. Q. 53. Traumatic neurasthenia and traumatic neurosis are in the same class? A. Well, in a way. Traumatic neurosis includes traumatic neurasthenia. Neurosis is a general term that includes hypochondria, matic neurosis mean a larger field of injury hysteria, and neurasthenia. Q. 54. Does trauand symptoms than traumatic neurasthenia?

For other cases see same topic and section NUMBER in Dec. Dig. & Am. Dig. Key-No. Series & Rep'r Indexes

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