1812. War declared between Great Britain and the Unitud States. Mackinaw surrendered to the British.

July 17.

July 18 20.

Americans repulsed at River Canard.

August 5. Tecumseh defeated Americans at Brownstown.

Surrender of Detroit by the Americans under General Hull to General

August 16.
Brock.
September 16.
September 21.
October 12.
November 10.
November 20.
November 28.

1813. January 22.

February 6.
February 22.

Americans repulsed at Presqu'Ile.
Gananoque raided by Americans.
Americans defeated at Queenston.

Kingston bombarded by Americans.
Americans repulsed at Odelltown.
Americans repulsed near Fort Erie.
Americans defeated at Frenchtown.
Brockville raided by Americans.
Ogdensburg taken by British.

May 5. Americans defeated before Fort Meigs.
Americans defeated at Sackett's Harbour.
Americans defeated at Stony Creek.

May 29.
June 5.
June 19.
June 24.

July 4.

American stores captured at Great Sodus.
Americans surrendered at Beaver Dam.
Americans inade prisoners at Fort Schlosser.

October 1. Americans repulsed at Four Corners.
October 26. Americans defeated at Chateauguay.

Defeat of three thousand

Americans under General Hampton by Colonel de Salaberry and four hundred
French Canadian militia.

November 11. Americans defeated at Chrysler's Farm. Defeat and rout of Gen.
Wilkinson and the Americans by the Canadian Militia under Col. Morrison.
December 19. Fort Niagara captured by British.

December 19. Lewiston destroyed by British.

July 19.
July 25.

August 12.

Prairie du Chien surrendered to British.
Americans defeated at Lundy's Lane.

Americans defeated near Fort Erie.

September 17. Americans repulsed at Fort Erie.

December 24. War terminated by the Treaty of Ghent.

Population of Upper Canada, 95,000, and of Lower Canada, 335,000.

1816. Common schools established in Upper Canada.

1817. First Treaty with the North-west Indians; the Earl of Selkirk signing on behalf of King George III. First banks opened in Montreal and Quebec cities.

1818. October 30. Convention signed at London regulating the privileges of Americans in the British North American fisheries. Halifax and St. John, N.B., made free ports.

1821. Commencement of the Lachine Canal. (First vessels passed through in 1825.) Amalgamation of the Hudson's Bay Co. and the North-west Trading Co. 1825. Great fire in the Miramichi District of New Brunswick. Five hundred lives esti

mated lost. Three million acres of forest destroyed.

1827. Guelph founded by John Galt. Treaty of London. McGill College received its charter. It was founded in 1811. King's College, Toronto, founded. 1828. Saguenay District explored. Pictou and Sydney made free ports.

1829. Upper Canada College opened.

1831. Population-Upper Canada, 236,702; Lower Canada, 553, 134.

1833. August 5. The steamer "Royal William" left Quebec for Pictou, N.S., discharged

cargo and coaled, leaving Pictou on 18th August for Gravesend, England, at which port she arrived after a stormy passage, during which she disabled one of her engines. The boat was built at Quebec during 1830-31, and was the first steamer that ever crossed the Atlantic, the motive power of which was entirely steam. 1836. July 21. Opening of the railway from Laprairie to St. Johns, the first railway in Canada.

1837-38. Outbreak of rebellion in both provinces. It was suppressed in Upper Canada by the militia, and in Lower Canada by the British troops.

1840. Death of Lord Durham, to whose exertions the subsequent union of the provinces was mainly due. Quebec and Montreal incorporated. Montreal daily Advertiser founded; first daily journal in Canada.

1841. February 10. Union of the two Provinces under the name of the Province of Canada, and establishment of responsible government. The Legislature was to consist of a Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly, each province to

be represented by 62 members, 42 elected by the people and 20 appointed by the Crown.

Population of Upper Canada, 455,688.

May 17. Land slide from the Citadel rock, Quebec; 32 persons killed.

June 13. Opening of the first United Parliament, at Kingston, by Lord Sydenham. 1842. August 9. Settlement of the boundary line between Canada and the United States by the Ashburton Treaty.

1843. Victoria, B.C., founded by James Douglas.

1844. Population of Lower Canada, 697,084.

1845. Large fires in the city of Quebec; 25,000 people rendered homeless. Welland Canal opened.

1846. Oregon Boundary Treaty.

1847. Grand Trunk Railway begun.

Navigation laws repealed.

Electric telegraph line established between Quebec, Montreal and Toronto.

1848. The St. Lawrence Canals open for navigation.

1849. April 25. Riots in Montreal over the passage of the Rebellion Losses Bill, and burning of the Parliament Library at Montreal.

1850. The first sod of the Northern Railway turned by Lady Elgin. The road was opened from Toronto to Bradford on 13th June, 1853, and was the first locomotive railway in operation in Upper Canada. The Robinson Treaties with the Indians of the northern shores of Lakes Huron and Superior concluded. The main features of these treaties, viz. :-Annuities, reserves of land and liberty to fish on the domains of the crown not alienated- have been followed in the subsequent treaties.

1851. Transfer of the control of the postal system from the British to the Provincial Governments, and adoption of a uniform rate of postage, viz. :-3 pence per ounce. The use of postage stamps was also introduced.

Population of Upper Canada, 952,004; of Lower Canada, 890,261; of New Brunswick, 193,800, and of Nova Scotia, 276,854.

Young Men's Christian Association organized in Montreal; first in America.

1852. Commencement of the Grand Trunk Railway. Trinity College, Toronto, and Laval University, Quebec, opened.

1853. The number of members in the Legislative Assembly was increased from 84 to 130, being 65 from each province.

May 9. First ocean steamer arrived at Quebec.

1854. January 27. Main line of the Great Western Railway opened for traffic.

Abolition of Seignorial Tenure in Lower Canada, and settlement of the Clergy
Reserve question.

June 5. Reciprocity Treaty with the United States signed at Washington. It
provided for mutual rights of fishing in certain Canadian and American waters,
for free interchange of the products of the sea, the soil, the forest and the
mine; it allowed Americans the use of the St. Lawrence River and Canadian
canals on the same terins as British subjects, and gave to Canadians the right
to navigate Lake Michigan. The Treaty was proclaimed by the President of
the United States on 16th March, 1855, on which date it came into operation.
It was to last ten years.

First screw steamer from Liverpool to the St. Lawrence River.

1856. The Legislative Council of the province of Canada was made an elective chamber. Allan steamship line commenced regular fortnightly steam service between Canada and Great Britain.

1857. March 12. Desjardins Canal railway accident; 70 lives lost.

1858. Adoption of the decimal system of currency. Selection by the Queen of the City of Ottawa as the Capital of the Dominion and permanent seat of Government Atlantic cable laid between England and Nova Scotia.

April. Gold found in British Columbia.

September. Gold found in Tangier River, Nova Scotia.

1859. New Westminster founded by Colonel Moody.

1860. Winnipeg founded.

First Provincial Synod of the Church of England-held in Montreal.

August 25. Opening of the Victoria Bridge by the Prince of Wales. This bridge
crosses the St. Lawrence at Montreal, on the line of the Grand Trunk Railway.
It is the largest iron tubular bridge in the world, is 60 feet high in the centre,
and nearly two miles in length.

September 1. Laying of the corner stone of the Dominion Buildings at Ottawa by
the Prince of Wales. These buildings, together with the Departmental Build-
ings, have been erected at a total cost, up to 30th June, 1894, of $4,979,242.
Art Association founded in Montreal.

1861. Population of Upper Canada, 1,396,091; of Lower Canada, 1,111,566; of New Brunswick, 252,047; of Nova Scotia, 330,857; of Prince Edward Island, 80,857 ; of Vancouver Island, exclusive of Indians, 3420.

1862. Conference at Charlottetown re Confederation. Manitoulin Island Treaty with Indians arranged by Hon. William Macdougall.

1864. Quebec Conference held. Resolutions passed in favour of Confederation of British North American provinces. Raid from St. Albans into Canada.

1866. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick accept Confederation with Canada.

Great fire in Quebec, 2,129 houses burned in St. Roch's and St. Sauveur suburb 1866. March 17. Termination of the Reciprocity Treaty, in consequence of notice given by the United States. It lasted 11 years.

June 1. Invasion of Canada by Fenians. Battle of Ridgeway, and retreat of the volunteers.

June 3. Withdrawal of the Fenians into the United States.

June 8. First meeting of Parliament in the new buildings at Ottawa. At this meeting the final resolutions necessary on the part of the Province of Canada to effect the Confederation of the provinces were passed.

November 17. Union of Vancouver Island and British Columbia proclaimed. 1867. February 10. The British North American Act passed by the Imperial Legislature. July 1. Union of the provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick under the name of the Dominion of Canada. The names of Upper and Lower Canada were changed to Ontario and Quebec respectively.

Lord Monck was the first Governor General of the Dominion, and the first Parlia ment met on the 6th November, Sir John A. Macdonald being Premier.

1868. April 7. Hon. T. D'Arcy McGee, M.P., murdered at Ottawa.

July 31. The Rupert's Land Act passed by the Imperial Government providing for the acquisition by the Dominion of the North-west Territories.

Uniform rate of 3 cents for letters throughout the Dominion adopted.

1869. June 22. Bill passed providing for the Government of the North-west Territories. October 29. Hon. Wni. McDougall appointed Lieutenant-Governor. Red River Rebellion.

November 19. Deed of surrender signed, Hudson's Bay Company to Her Majesty.

1870. March 4. Thomas Scott shot at Fort Garry.

September 24. Arrival at Fort Garry of the expedition under Colonel (now Lord)
Wolseley, when the rebels were found to have dispersed.

May 25. Fenians crossed the frontier at Trout River, in Quebec, but were driven
back by the volunteers.

July 15. Addition of the North-west Territories to the Dominion and admission of the Province of Manitoba into the Confederation. This province was created out of a portion of the newly acquired territory.

1871. Pacific Railway surveys begun. Post cards issued. Stone fort and Manitoba Post Indian Treaties (Nos. 1 and 2) negotiated.

May 8. Signing of the Treaty of Washington.

July 20. Admission of British Columbia into the Confederation.

Population of the four provinces, 3,485,761; of Manitoba, 18,995; of British Colum-
bia, 36,224, and of Prince Edward Island, 94,021. Total, 3,635,001.
November 11. The last regular troops left Quebec.

1872. Abolition of dual representation. Dominion archives established.

1873. May 20. Death of Sir George E. Cartier, in London. North-west Angle Indian Treaty (No. 3) signed by Hon. Alex. Morris.

July 1. Admission of Prince Edward Island into the Confederation.
November 7. McKenzie Administration formed.

the United States by the Emperor of Germany.

Island of St. Juan awarded to

1874. Qu'Appelle Indian Treaty (No. 4) signed by Hon. A. Morris.

1875. Rupert's Land and North-west Territories placed under jurisdiction of a Lieutenant Governor separate and distinct from Manitoba. Lake Winnipeg Indian Treaty (No. 5) signed by Hon. A. Morris and Hon. J. McKay.

Presbyterian Church in Canada formed by the Union of all the Presbyterian
Churches.

1876. Opening of the Intercolonial Railway from Quebec to Halifax. Forts Carleton and Pitt Indian Treaty (No. 6) signed. Canadians awarded 300 prizes at Exhibition in Philadelphia, U.S.A.

June 5. Supreme Court of Canada first session. Legislative Council of Manitoba abolished. District of Keewatin created by Act of Parliament.

1877. May. Medical Council of Great Britain decided to recognize Canadian degrees. June 20. Great fire in St. John, New Brunswick.

September. First convention of Dom. Y. M. C. Association in Quebec.
October. First exportation of wheat from Manitoba to Great Britain.

November 23. Award by Halifax Fisheries Commission of the sum of $5,500,000
to be paid by the United States to the Imperial Government. Treaty with the
Blackfeet Indians (No. 7) signed by Hon. David Laird.

1878. Conservatives win in General Election. Canadians awarded 225 prizes at Paris Exhibition.

1879. Adoption of a protective tariff, otherwise called the "National Policy." 1880. Death of the Hon. George Brown.

All British possessions on North American continent (excepting Newfoundland)
annexed to Canada by Imperial Order in Council from 1st Sept., 1880. The
Arctic Archipelago transferred to Canada by Imperial Order in Council.
Royal Canadian Academy of Arts founded by the Marquis of Lorne.

October 21. Contract signed for the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway.
This contract was subsequently ratified by 44 Vic., chap. 1 (1881).

1881. April 4. Population of the Dominion, 4,324,810. Royal Society of Canada founded. May 2. First sod turned by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company.

1882. May 8. Provisional districts of Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta and Athabaska created.

May 25. First meeting of the Royal Society of Canada in Ottawa.

June 22. Constitutionality of the Canada Temperance Act confirmed by the Privy
Council.

August 23. The new seat of Government for the North-west Territories received
the name of Regina.

1883. Methodist Churches in Canada formed into one body-The Methodist Church in Canada.

First Congress of the Church of England in Canada opened in Hamilton. 1884. Boundary between Ontario and Manitoba settled by decision of Judicial Committee of English Privy Council and confirmed by Her Majesty in Council, August 11, 1884.

1885. March 26. Outbreak of Rebellion in the North-west; commencement of hostilities at Duck Lake.

July 1. Termination of the fishery clauses of the Washington Treaty by the United
States.

July 2. Capture of Big Bear, and final suppression of the rebellion. Total loss of
militia and volunteers under fire: killed, 38; wounded, 115. The rebel loss
could not be ascertained.

November 7. Driving of the last spike of the Canadian Pacific Railway.
November 16. Hanging of Riel.

1886. May. 4. Opening of the Indian and Colonial Exhibition in London.

June 13. Town of Vancouver totally destroyed by fire; 4 houses left standing: 50 lives lost. First through train left Montreal for Vancouver. First Canadian Cardinal, Archbishop Taschereau.

1887. Interprovincial Conference held at Quebec. At this Conference Sir Oliver Mowat
was President. Twenty-one fundamental resolutions were passed-o
-one declar-
ing in favour of unrestricted reciprocity in trade with the United States.
April 4. Important Conference in London between representatives of the principal
Colonies and the Imperial Government. Canada was represented by Sir
Alexander Campbell and Mr. Sandford Fleming.

June 14. First C. P. R. steamship arrived at Vancouver from Yokohama.
November 15. Meeting of the Fisheries Commission at Washington.

1888. February 15. Signing of the Fishery Treaty at Washington.

August. Rejection of the Fishery Treaty by the United States Senate. 1889. September 19. Landslide (second) from Citadel Rock, Quebec; 45 persons killed. Boundaries of Ontario confirmed by Imperial statute.

1890. May 6. Longue Pointe Lunatic Asylum, near Montreal, destroyed by fire; over 70 lives lost. The buildings had been erected at a cost of $1,132,232. October 6. McKinley Tariff Bill came into operation in the United States.

1891. April 6. Population of the Dominion, 4,833,239.

Power given by Parliament to the Government to refer to the Supreme Court of
Canada for its opinion important questions of law or fact touching Provincial
legislation or the appellate jurisdiction as to education and any other matters.
April 29. The first of the new C. P. R. steamers arrived at Vancouver from Yoko-
hama, beating the record by over two days. The mails were landed in Mon-
treal in three days and 17 hours from Vancouver.

June 6. The Right Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, G.C.B., Premier of the
Dominion, died.

892. April 17. Death of Hon. Alexander Mackenzie.

May 24. Death of Sir Alexander Campbell, Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario.
September 28. Legislative Council of New Brunswick abolished.

1892. December 5. Resignation (from ill-health) of Sir J. J. C. Abbott, K.C.M.G., Premier of the Dominion. Sir John S. D. Thompson called upon to form a Government. 1893. Legislative Council and Assembly of Prince Edward Island merged into one body. April 4. The Court of Arbitration, respecting the seal fisheries in Behring Sea,

which met formally on 23rd March, began its session. Arbitrators: Baron dé Courcel (Belgium), Lord Hannen (Great Britain), Sir John Thompson (Canada), John M. Harlan and J. P. Morgan (United States), Marquis Visconti Venosta (Italy), and M. Gram (Norway and Sweden).

October 30. Death of Hon. Sir J. J. C. Abbott.

June 8. First steamer of the new Australia-Canada line arrived at Victoria, B. C. Title "Honourable," as conferred by the Queen in the Duke of Buckingham's despatch, No. 164, of 24th July, 1868, explained by Earl Ripon to extend to all parts of Her Majesty's Dominions. See Official Gazette (Canada) August 5, 1893. Canadians awarded 2,126 prizes at Chicago Exhibition.

1894. June 28. Opening at Ottawa of the Colonial Conference to discuss matters of interest to the Empire. The Imperial Government, New South Wales, Cape Colony, New Zealand, Victoria, Queensland and Canada were represented. July 23. Canadian readjusted Customs Tariff assented to by Governor General. August 27. United States Congress Tariff Bill becomes law without the signature of President Cleveland.

December 12. Death of Right Hon. Sir John Thompson in Windsor Castle. 1895. October 2. Proclamation giving to the unorganized and unnamed portions of the North-west the following names: Ungava, Franklin, Mackenzie and Ukon Districts.

18. As questions are frequently asked this office respecting events which have affected the relations of the British North American Provinces with the United States of America, the following statement is published :

MOVEMENTS AFFECTING THE RELATIONS OF CANADA AND NEWFOUNDLAND WITH THE UNITED STATES.

1775-82 1783

1. Secession of the 13 Colonies from the British Empire...

2. Imperial Order in Council restricting trade between the United States and the British Colonies..

3. Establishment of countervailing and discriminating duties by Imperial statutes.. 1797-98 4. Embargo law passed by United States Congress.

1807

5. Governors of all the British North American Provinces authorized to open their ports to United States vessels.

1808

6. Convention of 1815, of which Mr. Cushing says: It deserves to be mentioned that the convention of 1815 was the first notable departure by Great Britain from the exclusiveness of her navigation laws

7. Convention of 1818, by which the fishery privileges of the United States in British North American waters are defined.

8. Imperial Order in Council declaring colonial ports closed to United States vessels 9. United States President's proclamation declaring trade between the United States and the British North American Provinces suspended.

10. Arrangement of 1830, by which United States ports are opened to British North American vessels in return for the British West Indian ports opened to United States vessels..

1815

1818

1827

1828

1830

11. Discriminating Customs duties abolished in the British North American Provinces by Lord Stanley's despatch.

1843

12. Drawback law put into force.

1846

13. Corn laws repealed in England

1846

18. United States Navigation Law of 1817, and British Navigation Law of 1849, come into operation simultaneously, January.

16. Canadian Legislature passed an Act granting to natural products of the United
States entry free of Customs duty on the United States reciprocating...
17. United States restrict colonial vessels' privilege of discharging cargo in United
States at port of delivery to port of entry only..

14. British North American Provinces obtain power to enact their own tariffs (subject only to the control of the Queen in Council) by the British Possessions Act.... 1846 15. Canadian Legislature acted upon the authority thus secured and reduced duties on American manufactures from 12 to 7 per cent and increased those on British manufactures from 5 to 7

1847

1847

1849

1850

19. Treaty of Reciprocity comes into force..

1855