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being understood that the people of Peru were driven to the acceptance of a new government, on a provisional basis, by the external pressure of their affairs, and that the accession of General Pierola to power was not accomplished by civil strife or factious insurrection." a

Calderon Govern

ment.

May 9, 1881, Mr. Blaine, replying to a dispatch of Mr. Christiancy, United States minister at Lima, in which it was stated that Chile refused to recognize General Piérola as representing the civil authority in Peru, and that Señor Calderon was at the head of a provisional government, said: "If the Calderon government is supported by the character and intelligence of Peru, and is really endeavoring to restore constitutional government with a view both to order within and negotiation with Chili for peace, you may recognize it as the existing provisional government, and render what aid you can by advice and good offices to that end. Mr. Elmore has been received by me as the confidential agent of such provisional government." Mr. Christiancy, "seeing that the question whether the Calderon government was a government de facto was not expressly made a condition," recognized it on the 26th of June, although he did not then consider it a government de facto. He thought the recognition "premature;" and on October 4, 1881, Mr. Hurlbut, his successor, reported the practical suppression of the government by the Chilean forces. October 31, 1881, Mr. Hurlbut was instructed to "continue to recognize Calderon government until otherwise specially instructed." This instruction was in substance repeated, November 26, 1881, President Calderon having in the meantime been arrested, together with his minister for foreign affairs, by the Chilean military authorities. He was afterwards transported to Chile as a prisoner, and Señor Montero, as vice-president, represented, first at one place and then at another, the authority of his government.

"It is now claimed that the government of Calderon-Montero has lost the attributes of a de facto government, and it is urged that, not having the support of the people, it is no longer entitled to recognition. The information furnished this Department on the subject, however, is most

a Mr. Evarts, Sec. of State, to Señor Don José Carlos Tracy, Jan. 31, 1880, MS. Notes to Peru, II. 31. The answer to the ceremonial letter of President Pierola was transmitted "through the usual channel of the United States diplomatic representative at Lima." (Ibid.; Mr. Evarts, Sec. of State, to Mr. Christiancy, Feb. 19, 1880, MS. Inst. Peru, XVI. 433.)

For. Rel. 1881, p. 909.

Mr. Christiancy to Mr. Blaine, June 28, 1881, For. Rel. 1881, 19.

d Dispatch of July 6, 1881, For. Rel. 1881, 920.

Mr. Hurlbut to Mr. Blaine, Oct. 4, 1881, For. Rel. 1881, 935.

ƒ Mr. Blaine, Sec. of State, to Mr. Hurlbut, telegram, Oct. 31, 1881, For. Rel. 1881, 945.

9 For. Rel. 1881, 947, 953.

conflicting, and is naturally colored by the sentiments of the different observers. On the one hand, it is said that General Iglesias is supported by fully five-sixths of the population of Peru, that the provinces of the north and center are solidly united in his aid and in approval of his plan of settlement, while, on the other hand, we are told that Calderon was never so strong as at present, that his own moral influence and the physical force of his followers are impregnable in Arequipa, and that a majority of his countrymen support and approve his course. It is evident that no peace can be made unless Peru is represented in its negotiation by someone having the support of his fellow-countrymen and whose action will meet with their approval.

"In Señor Calderon this Government understood that it recognized such a ruler. As at present advised, it would not hastily withdraw or transfer that recognition. Should the facts be as alleged by the friends of General Iglesias, this Government will not, by adhering to the recognition of Señor Calderon, impede the advance toward an amicable adjustment of the difficulty."

Mr. Frelinghuysen, Sec. of State, to Mr. Phelps, U. S. minister to Peru, July 26, 1883, For. Rel. 1883, 709.

Iglesias Govern

ment.

"The contest between Bolivia, Chili, and Peru has passed from the stage of strategic hostilities to that of negotiation, in which the counsels of this Government have been exercised. The demands of Chili for absolute cession of territory have been maintained, and accepted by the party of General Iglesias to the extent of concluding a treaty of peace with the Government of Chili in general conformity with the terms of the protocol signed in May last between the Chilian commander and General Iglesias. As a result of the conclusion of this treaty, General Iglesias has been formally recognized by Chili as President of Peru, and his government installed at Lima, which has been evacuated by the Chilians. A call has been issued by General Iglesias for a representative assembly, to be elected on the 13th of January, and to meet at Lima on the 1st of March next. Meanwhile the provisional government of General Iglesias has applied for recognition to the principal powers of America and Europe. When the will of the Peruvian people shall be manifested, I shall not hesitate to recognize the government approved by them."

President Arthur, Third Annual Message, Dec. 4, 1883.

See Mr. Frelinghuysen, Sec. of State, to Mr. Logan, March 17, 1884, MS. Inst..
Chile, XVII. 131.

The congress convoked by General Iglesias met and ratified the treaty and confirmed him in power, and the United States was on the

point of extending a formal recognition when his minister of foreign affairs in an interview with the diplomatic corps demanded of them an immediate recognition, and upon their refusal to accord it declared that relations with the legations must cease. The Government of the United States, regarding the question of recognition as one addressed to its "independent judgment and discretion," uninfluenced by "anything in the nature of a menace," authorized its minister to present his credentials to President Iglesias on a satisfactory retraction of the attitude of the minister of foreign affairs toward the legations." The retraction was made, and recognition duly accorded." December 2, 1885, as the result of a revolution under General Cáceres, President Iglesias was deposed, and the Government was committed to a council of ministers till a popular election should be held.

Deposition of Igle

sias; Interregnum.

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"If for no other reason, a sound motive for avoiding hasty recognition in the present instance is found in the circumstance, reported by you, that the arrangement whereby Iglesias and Cáceres renounced their claims to the executive power and delegated three commissioners on each side to devise a provisional government, was brought about through the good offices of the diplomatic body in Lima. It is presumed that you joined in this exercise of good offices, at least no intimation to the contrary has been received. If so, your purpose was laudable. Any friendly steps toward permitting the Peruvians to reestablish public order and good government are commendable. But the United States, holding steadfastly to the principles of constitutional self-government, can not assume to forejudge the popular will of Peru by ratifying and confirming an experimental and provisional order of things they may have indirectly helped to create.

"It will be your province to maintain the most friendly and intimate relations with whatever government may be fully established and in possession of the power of the nation. It is, however, for the President to determine when and how formal recognition of the new government of Peru by the United States shall be effected. Probably credentials will be sent to you in due time to be presented to the President of Peru when his authority shall have been confirmed by the Peruvian people. In point of fact, your intercourse with the government during the brief interregnum will be as full and direct as

a Mr. Frelinghuysen, Sec. of State, to Mr. Phelps, April 9, 1884, MS. Inst. Peru, XVII. 47.

Mr. Frelinghuysen, Sec. of State, to Mr. Phelps, telegram, April 18, 1884, MS. Inst. Peru, XVII. 50.

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Mr. Phelps, minister to Peru, to Mr. Frelinghuysen, Sec. of State, April 29, 1884, For Rel. 1884, p. 420; Mr. Frelinghuysen, Sec. of State, to Mr. Gibbs, May 19, 1884. MS. Inst. Peru, XVII. 55.

d For Rel. 1885, 678.

though the formality of recognition had taken place, and you will scrupulously avoid any abstention which might appear to denote distrust or opposition on our part."

Mr. Bayard, Sec. of State, to Mr. Buck, Dec. 16, 1885, MS. Inst. Peru, XVII.
192. See For. Rel. 1888, I, 993, 994, as to Haytian Revolution of 1888.
See, also, as to de facto and de jure governments, Mr. Bayard, Sec. of State, to
Mr. Buck, Feb. 18, 1886, MS. Inst. Peru, XVII. 205.

Provisional Government.

"On the 16th ultimo Mr. Elmore [who had for some time been Peruvian minister at Washington] communicated to the Department, the letter of the five notables who had assumed control of the Peruvian administration, announcing themselves as a provisional government. It was arranged in conference with Mr. Elmore that the addresses to be made on presenting his letter of recail (28th ultimo) should have the effect of recognizing the provisional government as the temporary repository of Peruvian authority, it being understood that it is to be succeeded shortly by a President and Congress already elected by the people of Peru.

"The following telegram was sent you on the 27th (Tuesday): 'President receives Peruvian minister Wednesday to present letter of recall; at the same time recognizes provisional government as about to be legitimately succeeded by President and Congress elect. You will announce this friendly action same day (twenth-eighth)."

Mr. Bayard, Sec. of State, to Mr. Buck, May 1, 1886, MS. Inst. Peru, XVII. 214.

13. BRAZIL.
§ 55.

On November 17, 1889, Mr. Adams, United States minister to Brazil, telegraphed: "Imperial family sailed to-day. The Republic. Government de facto, with ministry, established. Perfect order maintained. Important we acknowledge Republic first." a The events thus reported were the results of a sudden, unexpected, and bloodless revolution committed on the two preceding days by the military and naval forces at Rio de Janeiro, who arrested and deposed the ministry, proclaimed a republic, and, holding the Emperor a prisoner in the palace, ordered the imperial family to leave the country within twenty-four hours." November 19 Mr. Adams was instructed to maintain diplomatic relations with the provisional government of Brazil." The provisional government announced that it would respect all contracts and engagements entered into by the state, and confirmed the powers given by the Empire to the Brazilian represent

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a To Mr. Blaine, Sec. of State, For. Rel. 1889, 60.

Mr. Adams to Mr. Blaine, telegram, Nov. 16, 1889, For. Rel. 1889, 59; same to same, Nov. 19, 1889, id. 60.

C

Telegram of Mr. Blaine, Sec. of State, to Mr. Adams, For. Rel. 1889, 63.

atives in Washington, where the International American Conference. and the International Maritime Conference were then in session." November 25 Mr. Adams reported that the Argentine Republic, Chile, and Uruguay had recognized the new government." November 30 he "was instructed that so soon as a majority of the people of Brazil should have signified their assent to the establishment and maintenance of the Republic he was to give it, on behalf of the United States, a formal and cordial recognition." c

"The recent revolution in Brazil in favor of the establishment of a republican form of government is an event of great interest to the United States. Our minister at Rio de Janeiro was at once instructed to maintain friendly diplomatic relations with the provisional government, and the Brazilian representatives at this capital were instructed by the provisional government to continue their functions. Our friendly intercourse with Brazil has, therefore, suffered no interruption.

"Our minister has been further instructed to extend on the part of this Government a formal and cordial recognition of the new Republic so soon as the majority of the people of Brazil shall have signified their assent to its establishment and maintenance."

President Harrison's Annual Message, Dec. 3, 1889.

"The minister of Brazil in this capital, Mr. Amaral Valente, and his associate the Brazilian minister on special mission, Mr. Mendonça, having recently received new letters of credence as representatives of the United States of Brazil, they were received in that capacity by the the President on Wednesday the 29th instant.

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"The President, on the 30th instant, sent to the Senate the following new nomination in your case:

"Robert Adams, jr., of Pennsylvania, now accredited envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the Empire of Brazil, to be envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the United States. of Brazil.'

"Upon confirmation thereof by the Senate, a new commission and letter of credence will be sent to you. Upon delivery of the latter, in the usual way, the successive stages of diplomatic procedure in regard to the change of Government in Brazil and the reciprocal representation of the two countries will have been completed."

Mr. Blaine, Sec. of State, to Mr. Adams, Jan. 31, 1890, MS. Inst. Brazil, XVII. 433.

a For. Rel. 1889, 60, 70, 71. See also Mr. Blaine to Mr. Adams, telegrams, Nov. 19 and Nov. 23, 1889, MS. Inst. Brazil, XVII. 422,423.

Telegram, For. Rel. 1889, 63. See also dispatch of Mr. Adams of Dec. 6, 1889, announcing recognition by Switzerland, France, and the Pope. The other European

powers resumed diplomatic relations unofficially. (For. Rel. 1889, 66.)

C

c Telegram of Mr. Blaine, Sec. of State, For. Rel. 1889, 66.

H. Doc. 551-11

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