the treaty of peace, the construction of Fort Armstrong was commenced by United States troops at Rock Island, and a few settlers soon followed, who commenced making improvements, although the Indians had not yet removed.

In the period between 1815 and 1820, Capt. JOHN SHAW made eight trips in a trading boat from St. Louis to Prairie du Chien, and visited the lead mines where the city of Galena now is, and where the Indians smelted the lead in rude furnaces of their own construction, and at one time. Mr. SHAW carried away seventy tons, which they had produced from the ores obtained by themselves in their rude and primitive modes. Capt. SHAW afterwards lived in Green Lake county, in this state, where he died August 31, 1871, in his 89th year. He was never married.

The rapids in the Mississippi river immediately above the mouth of Rock river and of the Des Moines river, known as the Rock river rapids and the Des Moines rapids, were a serious obstruction to the navigation of the great river, and until 1824 it was believed that a steamboat could not ascend them. In the spring of that year, the water in the river being high, DAVID G. BATES, who had for several years been engaged in running keel boats on the upper Mississippi, brought over the rapids a boat called the Putnam, which was one of the smallest class of boats that run the Ohio river in low water, and was the first to make the through trip from St. Louis to Prairie du Chien and Fort Snelling. In June following, boats of a larger class made the same trip, and since then the river has been navigated to St. Paul and Fort Snelling by steamboats, which have every year increased in size and convenience.

The commanding importance of the pine lumbering interests of Wisconsin is justly calculated to incite inquiry as to their early development and later progress. Lumber in large quantities is manufactured on all the streams that empty into Green Bay; also on the Mississippi at and above the Falls of St. Anthony, and on the Wisconsin, Black, Chippewa, and St. Croix rivers and their tributaries. The construction of the first mills was in the vicinity of Green Bay. The next attempts were on Black river. In 1819, CONSTANT A. ANDREWS, with one DIXON, built a sawmill at the falls of Black river, in which undertaking Col. JOHN SHAW was in some way connected with them. Gov. MCNAIR, of Missouri, who was sutler at Prairie du Chien,

and WILFRED OWENS, who had charge of the business, furnished the capital, and were interested in the enterprise.

Authority to build the mill was obtained from the Sioux Indians; but the Winnebagoes claimed that the site was within their domain. By the time the mill was in operation, hundreds of Winnebagoes came there in a starving condition, and took from the adventurers all the food they had to eat, and all their blankets, and they were compelled to leave the mill, and the next year it was burned and abandoned. About the year 1822 a man by the name of HARDIN PERKINS came to Prairie du Chien from Kentucky, for the purpose of building a saw-mill in the Indian country. He induced JAMES H. LOCKWOOD and JOSEPH ROLETTE to furnish the necessary capital and obtain the consent of the Indians and Indian agent.

The consent of WABASHAW's band of Sioux, who claimed the Chippewa river country, and that of Maj. TALIAFERRO, then agent for the Sioux Indians, having been procured, PERKINS proceeded to the Red Cedar, a branch of the Chippewa, also known as the Menomonee river, and near the mouth of a small stream running into the Menomonee, about fifteen miles above its junction with the Chippewa river, he erected a saw-mill.

The surveys of the public lands, since made, show that the site of this mill was on the northwest quarter of section. 26, town 28, range 13 west, in Dunn county, and is identical with the site of the shingle mill of Knapp, Stout & Co., at the village of Menomonee, in Dunn county.

The mill erected by PERKINS was about 150 feet from the mouth of the small stream, which is now known as Wilson creek. The large water-power saw-mill of Knapp, Stout & Co. is on the main (Menomonee) river, about 100 feet below the mouth of Wilson creek, and about seventy-five or eighty yards from the site of the first mill, built by PERKINS.

When the PERKINS mill was nearly completed-so near that he expected to commence sawing in a very few daysa sudden freshet came and swept away the dam, mill, and appendages, and the enterprise was abandoned.

In May, 1830, Messrs. LOCKWOOD and ROLETTE, by permission of the Secretary of War and the consent of the Indians, under the superintendency of a man named ARMSTRONG, rebuilt the mill, with a slight change of the site, but with the dam rebuilt where the first one was.

CHAPTER VII.

GREEN BAY-1634 TO 1836.

Up to the time when the British took possession of the west there were within the present boundaries of Wisconsin few white inhabitants.

The two settlements, at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien, the one where the Fox river debouches into Green Bay, and the other near the junction of the Wisconsin river with the Mississippi, and being respectively the termini of the great natural highway between the lakes and the Father of Waters, were the earliest abodes of civilization within the limits of the state, the occupation of which became permanent.

The earliest settlement was at Green Bay. NICOLLET, with his voyageurs, was the first white man who trod its soil. He visited Green Bay as early as 1634, ascended Fox river, and was at the Wisconsin river.

As early as 1654, Lake Superior was visited by fur traders from Montreal, and at some time between that date and 1659 they pressed forward to Green Bay, where furs were abundant.

In 1660 Father MESNARD, who was lost in the forests of Lake Superior, had been charged by the bishop of Quebec to visit Green Bay, a mission which his sad fate prevented his fulfilling.

In 1669, Father ALLOUEZ, having previously established a mission at Che-goi-me-gon, exchanged it with Father MARQUETTE for a new mission which he established that year at or near Green Bay, probably at De Pere, and which subsequently was called the mission of St. Francis Xavier.

The precise date of the establishment of the first fortification at Green Bay-which was called St. Francis-is involved in some obscurity. The foundations of the fort at Mackinaw, on the peninsula, were laid by MARQUETTE in 1671, and other fortified posts about this period were established at Green Bay, Chicago, St. Josephs, Sault St. Mary, and Detroit. In 1680 TONTI commanded at Green Bay and had a small detachment of men under him. Soon after him came Lieut. Du LHUT, who had a small troop under his com

mand. It was a dependency of Mackinaw and was easily and speedily re-enforced from that post.

On the 16th of May, 1673, MARQUETTE and JOLIET embarked from the mission station at Green Bay, on their voyage up the Fox and down the Wisconsin, which resulted in the discovery of the Mississippi river; and returned to Green Bay by the route of the Illinois and Chicago rivers, before the end of September of the same year. The ensuing winter and following summer were spent by MARQUETTE, in sickness, at the mission of St. Francis Xavier.

In the autumn of 1680 HENNEPIN and DU LHUT reached the mission near Green Bay, where they spent the winter. It was during this winter that LA SALLE made a journey on foot from Fort Crevecœur, on the Illinois river, to Green Bay.

History is barren of any important events which occurred at Green Bay during the next thirty or forty years. The little garrison was probably there in 1716, at the time of De LOUVIGNY'S expedition against the Foxes, as it certainly was when DE LIGNERY made his fruitless expedition in 1728. In 1746 Capt. DE VELIE was in command of the garrison, and was relieved that year by a new commandant. The garrison was withdrawn before the breaking out of the French war in 1754.

The year 1745 was marked by the permanent settlement at Green Bay of Sieur AUGUSTIN DE LANGLADE and his family. With the DE LANGLADES came but a few settlers besides their own family. M. SOULIGNY and his wife-the daughter of AUGUSTIN DE LANGLADE-came with the family, and they were joined by Mons. CARON, who spent the remainder of his days there. The whole number of which the colony consisted did not exceed eight persons. A blacksmith named LAMMIOT came soon after.

On the 12th October, 1761, Capt. BELFOUR, of the Eightieth Regiment of British infantry, arrived at Green Bay with Lieut. JAMES GORRELL, one sergeant, one corporal, fifteen privates, a French interpreter, and two English traders whose names were MCKAY, from Albany, and GODDARD, from Montreal. On the 14th, Capt. BELFOUR returned, leaving the post-afterward called Fort Edward Augustus-in charge of Lieut. GORRELL, who, with the seventeen men under his charge, busied themselves during the winter in repairing the fort, houses, etc.

On the 26th of June, 1763, Lieut. GORRELL, in pursuance of instructions from Capt. ETHERINGTON, who had been surprised by the Chippewas, at Mackinaw, abandoned his post at Green Bay and set off with all his garrison and the English traders, and a strong guard of friendly Indians, to join Capt. ETHERINGTON, which they did on the 30th of June, at an Ottawa village about thirty miles above Mackinaw.

For forty years after the advent of the DE LANGLADES the settlement at Green Bay made but little progress. In 1785 there were but seven families, who, with their engages and others, did not exceed fifty-six souls.

The heads of these seven families were CHARLES DE LANGLADE, PIERRE GRIGNON, Sr., — LAQRAL, BAPTIST BRUNET, AMABLE ROY, JOSEPH ROY and MARCHAND. All the trading was on the east side of the river and was all carried on by Mr. GRIGNON and MARCHAND, and all the residences were on the same side except those of BRUNET, LAQRAL and JOSEPH ROY who lived on the west side.

The first settler who arrived after this date was JACQUES (JAMES) PORLIER from Montreal, who came in 1791. Of him Gen. ELLIS says "of all men of French origin at the Bay, when I arrived there (1822), Judge JAMES PORLIER stood foremost.

The next year, CHARLES REAUME arrived and took up his residence at the Bay. He was a very noted and most singular character. He long held the office of Justice of the Peace, and it has been often said that no person could tell when his official duties first devolved upon him, nor from whence his authority was derived. But it appears reasonably certain that his first commission was derived from the British authorities at Detroit before the surrender of that post in 1796, and that he subsequently received a similar commission from Genl. HARRISON, Governor of Indiana Territory. Many amusing anecdotes are related of the manner in which he discharged his official duties, and it is well authenticated that the only process of the court was the judge's jack knife, which served at once as the token and authority by which all defendants were brought under his jurisdiction. In 1818 he was appointed one of the associate justices of the court by Gov. CASS, and the same year moved to Little Kaukalin, about ten miles above Green. Bay, where he died in 1822.

In the last years of the last century several other settlers