Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade

activity agricultural artisans barbarians became beginning bishop Bruges burg burghers Byzantine Byzantine Empire capital Carolingian Carolingian Empire castellan cause centers characteristic Charlemagne Church city law civilization clergy coasts commerce commune Constantinople continued Count of Flanders course demesnial diocese disappeared economic eleventh century emperors enjoyed episcopal cities established everywhere existed fact favor feudal Flanders France Frankish Empire Gaul gave Germanic Ghent Godric importance industry inhabitants invasions Islam Italy jurisdiction land latter little by little Lombardy manifest market-tolls markets Marseilles Mediterranean merchants Merovingian Middle Ages middle class midst Moslem municipal naturally needs ninth century Norsemen obliged Omer organization origin peace peasants political port portus princes profit proof proprietors region religious revival Rhine rôle Roman rural seigneur serf serfdom shores social society soil Spain status tenth thirteenth tion took towns trade tribunal tury twelfth century Venice Western Europe