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The Permanent Committee consists of one delegate from each member country. It meets quarterly and elects the president, vice president, and secretary general. The Permanent Committee is the principal executive authority which directs the current work, by the staff of about 100 technical employees of 30 nationalities.

Money for American participation in the work of the Institute was first appropriated in 1906 for the fiscal year 1907 (34 Stat. 635). For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1941 the sum of $48,756 was appropriated by Congress for the continuation of this work (54 Stat. 187).

INTERNATIONAL OFFICE OF PUBLIC HEALTH
(Convention of December 9, 1907 *)

Offices: Paris, France.

American Representative: Hugh S. Cumming, M.D., Sc. D., LL.D., Surgeon General, retired, Public Health Service; Director, Pan American Sanitary Bureau.

The International Office of Public Health, the creation of which was envisaged by article 181 of the international sanitary convention, signed at Paris on December 3, 1903 (Treaty Series 466; 35 Stat. 1770), was definitely established by an arrangement signed at Rome on December 9, 1907.

The Office is under the supervisory direction of a Permanent Committee composed of one member designated by each participating state, but the voting power of each member is "inversely proportioned to the number of the class" to which the state belongs in the matter of sharing expenses. The Committee meets at least once a year. A director, appointed by the Committee, is immediately responsible for the administration of the Office.

The main object of the International Office of Public Health "is to collect and bring to the knowledge of the participating states facts and documents of a general character concerning public health and especially regarding infectious diseases, notably cholera, plague, and yellow fever, as well as the measures taken to check these diseases".

After the close of the World War of 1914-18 the Permanent Committee devoted considerable time to the revision of the international sanitary convention, which resulted in a new international sanitary convention signed at Paris on June 21, 1926 (Treaty Series 762; 45 Stat. 2492).

"Treaty Series 511; 35 Stat. 2061.

The Office, in addition to its other duties, issues a monthly bulletin which contains information concerning the laws and regulations promulgated in various countries with regard to contagious diseases, the spread of infectious diseases, work done toward sanitation of various localities, and public-health statistics.

Money was first appropriated for American participation in the work of the Office for the fiscal year 1909 (35 Stat. 681). For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1941 the sum of $3,015.63 was appropriated for the continuation of this work (54 Stat. 187).

AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR THE PROTECTION OF

CHILDHOOD

(Resolution of the Fourth Pan American Child Welfare Congress, 1924; Public Resolution 31, May 3, 19287)

Offices: Montevideo, Uruguay.

United States Member of the International Council: Katharine F. Lenroot, LL.D., Chief, Children's Bureau, Department of Labor.

The American International Institute for the Protection of Childhood was established at Montevideo on June 9, 1927, as the culmination of the recommendations of the Pan American Child Welfare Congresses, under the guidance of the late Dr. Luis Morquio, an internationally recognized Uruguayan pediatrician.

The Institute is presided over by an International Council and a director, elected by the Council. Its purposes, as stated in the bylaws,

are:

(1) To collect and publish laws, regulations, and other docu

ments on child welfare and official reports on the interpretation and execution of these laws and regulations, with corresponding studies;

(2) To study the public and private organizations and institutions existing in every country, particularly their methods and organization;

(3) To collect books and periodicals on child welfare published in the different countries, also reports and opinions on the different child-welfare organizations and institutions;

745 Stat. 487.

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In pursuance of a resolution adopted at the Seventh International Conference of American States (Conference Series 19) this Government, on June 24, 1935, appointed ex officio the senior diplomatic officer under the chief of mission at the Legation (now Embassy) at Montevideo as its resident delegate to the Council of the Institute.

(4) To prepare statistics, demographic tables, and general information on the various child-welfare questions, particularly morbidity and mortality;

(5) To give advice and information to public authorities and private institutions on the problems of interest to them; (6) To serve as a center of studies for organizations and individuals who write reports on problems concerning children.

The Institute maintains a public library of the information and publications in its possession and publishes quarterly a bulletin containing articles of a medical, medico-social, hygienic, legal, socialservice, educational, and vocational character.

Thirteen American republics are members of the Institute. The first appropriation for United States participation as a member was contained in an act of Congress approved May 29, 1928 (45 Stat. 913). For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1941 the sum of $2,000 was appropriated by Congress for the purpose of defraying the cost of such participation (54 Stat. 188).

INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL COMMITTEE OF AERIAL LEGAL

EXPERTS

(Resolution of the First International Conference on Private Aerial Law, October 27-November 6, 1925)

Offices: Paris, France.

American Section of the Committee:"

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Stephen Latchford, Chief of the Aviation Section, Division of International Communications, Department of State; Chairman of the American Section;

Fred D. Fagg, Jr., J.D., Vice President, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; 10

Samuel E. Gates, International Counselor, Civil Aeronautics Board, Department of Commerce;

Arnold W. Knauth, Specialist in Air Law, New York, New York; Arthur L. Lebel, S.J.D., Aviation Section, Division of International Communications, Department of State;

The American membership of the Committee was enlarged on July 22, 1939 in order to afford an opportunity for a thorough study of pending projects and in order to provide a larger panel of experts from which selections of persons to attend the sessions of the Committee might conveniently be made.

"Dr. Fagg resigned as a member of the American Section of the Committee on September 24, 1940.

Captain Denis Mulligan, Office of the Chief, United States Army Air Corps; 11

Edward C. Sweeney, J.D., Attorney, General Counsel's Office, Civil Aeronautics Board, Department of Commerce.

The International Technical Committee of Aerial Legal Experts 12 was created as a result of a resolution adopted at the First International Conference on Private Aerial Law, which met in Paris on October 27, 1925. The Experts' Committee was organized for the purpose of developing a comprehensive code of private aerial law through the adoption of international conventions on various subjects of private aerial law. The first session of the Committee was held in Paris in May 1926, and the Committee has held annual sessions since that time.

The preliminary draft conventions are prepared by four commissions, which are in effect subcommittees established by the Committee. Sessions of one or more of the four commissions are held during the first half of the year and again during the second half. The annual meeting of the full Committee usually takes place immediately following the sessions of the commissions which are held during the second half of the year. Between the annual sessions of the Committee much of the work of the commissions is done through correspondence between the experts of the Committee and the reporters of the commissions. This work includes the answering of questionnaires in connection with the preparation of draft conventions.

When draft conventions on given subjects have been adopted by the appropriate commissions, they are referred to the International Technical Committee of Aerial Legal Experts for consideration. If approved by the Committee, the drafts are afterward considered at a general international conference on private aerial law called for the purpose of taking definitive action on the drafts. Four such conferences ("diplomatic conferences") have been held: The first in Paris in 1925, the second in Warsaw in 1929, the third in Rome in 1933 (Conference Series 17, p. 20), and the fourth in Brussels in 1938 (Conference Series 45, p. 33).

The United States participates in the work of the Committee as a result of the enactment by Congress of Public Resolution 118, ap

"Captain Mulligan was assigned to the Office of the Chief of the Air Corps on December 30, 1940.

12 More commonly referred to as the CITEJA, from the initials of the French name of the Committee, "Comité International Technique d'Experts Juridiques Aériens".

proved February 14, 1931 (46′ Stat. 1162). This resolution authorized the annual appropriation of funds to pay the share of the United States in the expenses of the Committee. Public Act 254, approved August 7, 1935 (49 Stat. 540), authorized an annual appropriation to include funds not only for the payment of the share of the United States in the expenses of the Committee but also to make possible participation in the meetings of the commissions established by the Committee. This authorization was to remain in effect until June 30, 1941, but Public Act 254 was so amended by Public Resolution 80, approved June 11, 1940 (54 Stat. 263), as to remove the time-limit, and the authorization for an annual appropriation is now on an indefinite basis.

For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1941 the sum of $6,745 was appropriated by Congress to defray the cost of American participation in the activities of the Committee (54 Stat. 188).

INTERNATIONAL PENAL AND PENITENTIARY COMMISSION 13 (Organized 1872; reorganized 1880)

Offices: Bern, Switzerland.

American Commissioner: Sanford Bates, LL.D., President, Federal Prison Industries, Inc., Department of Justice, New York, New York.14

The International Penal and Penitentiary Commission is the permanent executive body of the international prison congresses. It was organized at the first congress held in London in 1872 under the chairmanship of the American Commissioner, Dr. E. C. Wines, who became its first President.

Penal legislation, identification systems, juvenile delinquency, juvenile courts, extradition of criminals, construction and administration of prisons, etc., have been made the subjects of world-wide study, and the Commission is the medium through which all this work passes. The Commission is composed of specialists in penology from each adhering country. The prison congresses are divided into four sections: penal legislation, prison administration, preventive means, and questions relating to children and minors. The Commission is governed by regulations drawn up at the Stockholm Congress of 1878, adopted at the Paris Congress of 1880, confirmed at the Congress held at Bern in 1886, and subsequently revised at the Bern Congresses of 1926 and 1929.

13

Formerly called the International Prison Commission.

"Dr. Bates was Executive Director of the Boys' Clubs of America, New York, New York, until his resignation on September 26, 1940.

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