The Inter-American Bank.-The convention for the establishment of the bank was signed on May 10, 1940 on behalf of the Governments of Bolivia, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, and United States of America. The Government of Brazil indicated its adherence on May 13, 1940. The convention is open to signature by other American governments. The charter and bylaws of the institution have likewise been drawn up and approved by the Committee.

Inter-American Development Commission.-A permanent five-man commission was established with the purpose of promoting the formation and financing of enterprises to undertake the development of new lines of production in the other American republics for which there might be new or complementary markets in the Americas.68

Inter-American Coffee Agreement.-Upon the closing of the Second Meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American Republics, in July 1940, a special subcommittee of the Inter-American Financial and Economic Advisory Committee was charged with the study of means for improving the situation which had been caused by the curtailment of European markets for coffee. This work resulted in the inter-American coffee agreement, which was subscribed in behalf of the 15 interested governments on November 28, 1940. The main purpose of this agreement is to stabilize the coffee market, in a manner equitable both to consumers and producers, by quota limitations upon the exports of coffee from the 14 coffee-producing republics of the Americas to the United States as well as to other world markets. The administration of the agreement is entrusted to the Inter-American Coffee Board,69 set up in accordance with the agreement.

Inter-American Maritime Conference.-Subcommittee III of the Inter-American Financial and Economic Advisory Committee recommended that a special meeting of experts in the field of shipping be held in order to consider urgent maritime problems. This suggestion having been approved, the Chairman of the Advisory Committee invited the ministers of foreign affairs of all the American republics to send expert representatives to an Inter-American Maritime Conference 70 in Washington, D.C.

Uniformity of Customs Procedures, Nomenclatures, and Statistics.-Pursuant to a resolution adopted at the First Meeting of Treas

The members of the Inter-American Development Commission are: Nelson A. Rockefeller (United States), Chairman; J. Rafael Oreamuno (Costa Rica), Vice Chairman; Renato de Azevedo (Brazil); Aníbal Jara (Chile); and G. W. Magalhães (United States). Mr. John McClintock, Office for Emergency Management, is Executive Secretary of the Commission.

"See post, p. 72.

To See ante, p. 6.

ury Representatives of the American Republics," held in Guatemala City in November 1939, a special subcommittee was appointed to deal with this subject. Having already provided the governments of the American republics with material relating to this topic, it is now awaiting comments and suggestions in the hope of formulating a new draft convention on a series of recommendations that might be equally acceptable.

Facilities for Commercial Travelers and Commercial Samples.A draft convention on this topic was approved by the Committee on June 13, 1940 and was subsequently submitted to the governments of the American republics. Answers have been received from thirteen governments, seven of which approve unconditionally; two with observations; and four continue their studies of the convention. Immobilized Ships.-On April 26, 1941 the Committee approved a resolution of far-reaching importance. By this resolution, the American republics adopted a formula for the utilization of immobilized foreign-flag vessels in the interest of inter-American commerce. The taking over of these vessels could be accomplished by negotiation with the owners or by virtue of the right of each of the republics to assume complete jurisdiction and control over such vessels. Just and adequate compensation for the vessels was provided for in accordance with the commonly accepted rules of international law and the national legislation of each of the American republics. Agreement upon the measures tending to facilitate the effective exercise of the right of each nation to free navigation of the vessels, once under the flag of any one of the American republics, was also foreseen.

INTER-AMERICAN NEUTRALITY COMMITTEE

(Resolution of the First Meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American Republics, 1939")

Offices: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Members:

Afranio de Mello Franco, of Brazil; Chairman;

R. Córdova, of Mexico;

Charles G. Fenwick, Ph. D., of the United States of America;

Mariano Fontecilla, of Chile;

Gustavo Herrera, of Venezuela;

Manuel Francisco Jiménez, of Costa Rica;

L. A. Podestá Costa, of Argentina, or Eduardo Labougle," of Argentina.

The First Meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American Republics, held at Panamá from September 23 to October 3, 1939, resolved that there should be established, for the duration of the European war, an Inter-American Neutrality Committee, composed of seven experts in international law, to be designated by the Governing Board of the Pan American Union, with a view to studying and formulating recommendations with respect to the problems of neutrality, in the light of experience and changing circumstances. The Neutrality Committee therefore represents the 21 American republics collectively and not the particular states of which its seven members are citizens.

In accordance with the resolution referred to above, the Governing Board of the Pan American Union requested the governments of the six countries which were at that time represented on the Committee of Experts on the Codification of International Law 73 to designate one member each to serve on the Inter-American Neutrality Committee. The Board also resolved to ask the Venezuelan Government, which had proposed the creation of the Neutrality Committee, to appoint the seventh member.

74

Resolution I of the Second Meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American Republics, Habana, 1940, urged the InterAmerican Neutrality Committee to draft a preliminary project of convention dealing with the juridical effects of the Security Zone and the measures of international cooperation which the American states are ready to adopt to obtain respect for the said zone. This resolution also entrusted to the Committee the drafting of a project of an inter-American convention to cover completely all the principles and rules generally recognized in international law in matters of neutrality, especially those contained in the resolutions of Panamá, in the legislation of the different states, and in the recommendations already presented by the Committee. It was further recommended that, pending the drafting and bringing into force of the project on neutrality, the American states adopt in their respective legislation the principles and rules contained in the declarations of Panamá and in the recommendations of the Neutrality Committee.75 The Habana

73 See ante, p. 58.

" See ante, p. 1.

15 During the period between the First Meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American Republics at Panamá and the Second Meeting at Habana, the Committee submitted to the governments through the Pan American Union six resolutions on the following subjects: (1) Internment; (2) The entry of submarines into the ports and territorial waters of the American republics; (3) Vessels used as auxiliary transports of warships; (4) The Security Zone created by the Declaration of Panama; (5) The inviolability of postal correspondence; and (6) Telecommunications.

Meeting also requested the opinion of the Inter-American Neutrality Committee regarding a project concerning the extension of territorial

waters.

The Neutrality Committee has prepared a draft convention on the Security Zone, which has been submitted through the Pan American Union to the American governments for their consideration. It has also prepared a preliminary draft of the proposed code of neutrality and has submitted the first 30 articles on the draft code, together with commentary, to the Pan American Union.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON EXCHANGE FELLOWSHIPS AND PROFESSORSHIPS, 1940-1941

(Convention for the promotion of inter-American cultural relations, InterAmerican Conference for the Maintenance of Peace, 1936")

Members:

Stephen Pierce Duggan, Ph. D., LL. D., Litt. D., Director, Institute of International Education, New York, New York; Chairman;

Albert L. Barrows, Ph. D., Executive Secretary, National Research Council;

Charles G. Fenwick, Ph. D., Professor of Political Science, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania;

Waldo G. Leland, Litt. D., L.H.D., Director, American Council of Learned Societies, Washington, D. C.;

Henry Allen Moe, LH.D., Secretary General, Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, New York, New York;

Arthur P. Whitaker, Ph. D., Professor of Latin American History, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;

Donald Young, Research Secretary, Social Science Research Council, New York, New York.

The convention for the promotion of inter-American cultural relations was signed by all the American republics at the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace, held at Buenos Aires in 1936, and has been ratified by 15 countries. The convention makes provision for an exchange of students and professors with a view to the development of a more realistic understanding among the peoples of the Western Hemisphere. The exchanges are designed to make available to the people in each of the American republics a

77 See Conference Series 33 and 35.

more accurate knowledge of the progress of science, the humanities, the technology, and the artistic achievements of their sister nations. The procedure outlined in the convention provides that every year each one of the high contracting parties which has ratified the convention shall have the privilege of nominating and presenting a panel of names of five graduate students or teachers to each other ratifying government, from which panel the names of two persons shall be selected to receive a fellowship for the ensuing scholastic year. These panels, in order to receive consideration, should be submitted on or before the dates specified in the convention, i.e., countries of South America, November 30; all other countries, March 31. Fellowships for which no panel of names is submitted on or before the date mentioned may be awarded to applicants nominated on the panels of any other country but not receiving fellowships. Each government shall also communicate to the other governments, on the first of January of every alternate year, a complete list of professors available for exchange service from the outstanding universities, scientific institutions, and technical schools of its country. From this list each of the other governments shall arrange to select a visiting professor who shall give lectures in various centers, conduct regular courses of instruction, or pursue special research in some designated institution. However, preference shall be given to teaching rather than research work.

The Advisory Committee on Exchange Fellowships and Professorships was appointed to counsel this Government in carrying out its obligations under the convention. The Committee was appointed by the President under the authority of the act of August 9, 1939 (53 Stat. 1290) to advise on the selection of graduate students and professors for the panels presented to other participating governments and to advise on the selection of graduate students and professors from the panels presented by other participating governments, under the convention for the promotion of inter-American cultural relations; and, generally, to advise on matters relating to the interchange of students and professors.

The expenses involved in the exchange program are shared by the participating governments, the nominating governments defraying the round-trip travel costs of students together with other incidental expenses, and the receiving government furnishing the funds for tuition, subsidiary expenses, and board and lodging at the institutions in which the visiting students are enrolled. All expenses of visiting professors are to be paid by the sending government.

Under the Appropriation Act of the Department of State for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1941 (54 Stat. 181), the sum of $94,500 was provided for disbursement under the direction of the Secretary of