In addition, the Conference recommended measures (Resolution XXI) for new agricultural development. It was the opinion of the Conference that some parts of the world which at present are unproductive could be brought into agricultural production if the appropriate measures were applied. At the same time, it was recognized that, in some areas of rich potentialities, development is impeded by overcrowding of farmers on the land. While something can be done to increase the productivity of these areas by improving methods of farming, by drainage and similar measures, it was recognized (Resolution XXII) that in some cases the development of industry to provide employment for agricultural populations or emigration to other areas were the only measures likely to offer any significant contribution to a solution of the problem. The Conference recognized that it is useless to produce food unless men and nations have the means to acquire it for consumption. Freedom from want cannot be achieved unless there is a balanced and world-wide expansion of economic activity. The deliberations of the Conference in Section III, which was set up to investigate the improvement of distribution, clearly showed that consumers would not be in a position to buy the food they needed, and producers of food could not be assured of adequate returns, unless progress was made through national and international action to raise the general level of employment in all countries. Moreover, as discussions in Section I emphasized, poverty is the first cause of malnutrition and hunger. The work of Section III established the close interdependence between the level of employment in all countries, the character and extent of industrial development, the management of currencies, the direction of national and international investment, and the policy adopted by the nations toward foreign trade. The Conference was not called upon to conduct a detailed investigation into the policies which should be adopted by the governments of the world in order to promote an expansion of economic activity; but it declared that freedom from want of food could not be fully achieved without such an expansion and urgently recommended the governments and authorities represented to take action individually, and in concert, in order to secure this objective (Resolution XXIV). Having drawn attention to the fundamental importance, in the approach to freedom from want of food, of policies to expand and quicken economic activity, the Conference discussed the place and functions which might be given, within the framework of such policies, to international arrangements for the control of basic staple foodstuffs entering international trade. There was agreement that the object of any such arrangements must be to eliminate excessive short-term movements in the prices of food and agricultural commodities, to mitigate general inflationary or deflationary movements, and to facilitate adjustments in production which may be necessary to prevent economic dislocation. The Conference agreed that any such arrangements should include the effective representation of consumers as well as producers. It was not possible for the Conference, in the time. available, to discuss future international commodity arrangements in detail. Discussion in Section III was directed to general questions of principle affecting the operation of such arrangements as might later be made. The two questions to which most attention was paid were: (a) The place which buffer stocks should occupy in these arrangements; and (b) How far it would be necessary to achieve the desired objectives to include within the general arrangements agreements for the regulation of production. The Conference agreed that further international discussion of these questions ought to take place with a view to the establishment of broad principles to govern the formulation and operation of future commodity arrangements. There was general agreement that, whatever the nature of the arrangements eventually made for individual commodities, machinery would be needed for coordinating their operations in the light of the broad principles to be agreed upon (Resolution XXV). It became clear at a comparatively early stage of the Conference that there was general agreement that the nations represented at the Conference should establish a permanent organization in the field of food and agriculture. It was also generally agreed that this organization should act as a center of information and advice on both agricultural and nutrition questions and that it should maintain a service of international statistics. The Conference did not, however, attempt to lay down in detail what the scope and functions of such an organization should be or its relation to other national or international bodies. It was agreed that these questions would have to be worked out in detail between representatives of the participating governments. Accordingly, the Conference recommended the establishment in Washington of an Interim Commission, one of the functions of which would be to draw up for submission to the governments and authorities represented a detailed plan for the permanent organization (Resolution II). The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture has shown that the governments and authorities represented are agreed upon the necessity of their taking action individually and in concert to achieve freedom from want of food. The reports and recommendations of the Conference indicate further agreement on the methods to be followed. The Conference has accordingly recommended that the governments and authorities represented should recognize their obligation to their own people and to one another to raise the levels of nutrition and the standards of living of their citizens, to improve the efficiency of agricultural production, and to cooperate one with another for the achievement of these ends. The Conference resolved that the Interim Commission to be established in Washington should prepare such a declaration or agreement in this sense for the consideration of the governments and authorities represented. TEXT OF THE FINAL ACT1 The Governments of Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia; the French Representatives; the Governments of Great Britain, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippine Commonwealth, Poland, Union of South Africa, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Yugoslavia; Having accepted the invitation extended to them by the Government of the United States of America to be represented at a United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture; Appointed their respective delegates, who are listed below by countries in the order of alphabetical precedence: AUSTRALIA H. C. Coombs, Director General of Post-War Reconstruction; Chairman of the Delegation F. L. McDougall, Economic Adviser to the High Commissioner, London E. McCarthy, Assistant Secretary, Department of Commerce and Agriculture J. B. Brigden, Financial Counselor, Australian Legation, Washington J. W. Burton, Department of External Affairs BELGIUM Viscount Alain du Parc, Minister Plenipotentiary, Commercial Counselor, Belgian Embassy, Washington; Chairman of the Delegation L. Borremans, Commercial Adviser of the Ministry of Agriculture; Agricultural Attaché, Belgian Embassy, London Edouard J. Bigwood, Professor of Physiological Chemistry and Nutrition of the Faculties of Medicine and Sciences, University of Brussels; Adviser to the Belgian Government 'All footnotes in the Final Act appear in the original.-EDITOR. BOLIVIA Miguel Etchenique, General Representative of the Banco Minero de Bolivia in the United States; Chairman of the Delegation René Ballivián Calderón, Commercial Counselor, Bolivian Embassy, Washington Jorge Alcázar, Member of the Sociedad Rural Bolivi ana Enrique Tardio Guzman, Agricultural Engineer BRAZIL João Carlos Muniz, Ambassador to Ecuador; Chairman of the Delegation Eurico Penteado, Commercial Counselor, Financial Jorge Kafuri, Head of the Price Control Division, Alfeu Domingues da Silva, Agricultural Attaché, Paulo Fróes da Cruz, Agricultural Attaché, Brazilian Embassy, Washington CANADA G. S. H. Barton, Deputy Minister of Agriculture; Chairman of the Delegation Georges Bouchard, Assistant Deputy Minister of Agriculture T. W. Grindley, Secretary, Canadian Wheat Board H. F. Angus, Special Assistant to the Under Secretary of State for External Affairs and Chairman of the Canadian Food Requirements Committee L. B. Pearson, Minister Counselor, Canadian Legation, Washington D. B. Finn, Deputy Minister of Fisheries CHILE J. Manuel Casanueva, Director General of Agricultural Services of the Ministry of Agriculture; Chairman of the Delegation Carlos Campbell del Campo, Commercial Counselor, Chilean Embassy, Washington Vicente Izquierdo, Corporation for the Promotion of Production 5 CHINA Kuo Ping-wen, Vice Minister of Finance; Chairman of the Delegation Hsi Te-mou, General Manager, Central Bank of China Tsou Ping-wen, High Adviser to the Ministry of Food Liu J. Heng, National Health Administration Yang Shi-Tse, Director, Department of General Affairs, Ministry of Food Chao Lien-fang, Ministry of Agriculture Yin Kuo-yung, Ministry of Economics Chu Chang Keng, National Health Administration COLOMBIA César García Alvarez, Minister Plenipotentiary, Economic Counselor, Colombian Embassy, Washington; Chairman of the Delegation Luis Tamayo, Colombian Consul General, New York, New York Mario Camargo, Representative of the National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia, New York, New York COSTA RICA J. Rafael Oreamuno, Vice Chairman of the InterAmerican Development Commission, Washington; Chairman of the Delegation CUBA Amadeo López Castro, Secretary of the Presidency; Chairman of the Delegation Arturo Mañas y Parajón, Executive Committee of the Cuban Sugar Stabilization Institute; Secretary of the Asociación Nacional de Hacendados of Cuba Félix Hurtado y Galtés, Under Secretary of Public Health Ramiro Guerra y Sánchez, Honorary Representative on the Inter-American Financial and Economic Advisory Committee Felipe de Pazos y Roque, Commercial Attaché, Cuban Embassy, Washington CZECHOSLOVAKIA Jan V. Hyka, Commercial Counselor, Czechoslovak Legation, Washington; Chairman of the Delegation Emanuel Sahánek, Acting Chief of the Section of Agriculture and Economics, Secretariat of the Council of Ministers DOMINICAN REPUBLIC J. M. Troncoso, Ambassador to the United States; Chairman of the Delegation Rafael A. Espaillat, Commercial Attaché, Embassy of the Dominican Republic, Washington; Vice Chairman of the Delenation Anselmo Copello, Member of the Board of Directors of the Banco de Reservas E. I. Kilbourne, Member of the Board of Directors of the Banco de Reservas Andrés Pastoriza, Deputy to the Congress, and Comptroller of Cocoa and Coffee J. M. Bonetti Burgos, Deputy to the Congress, and Comptroller of Flour Harry E. Henneman, former Vice President, National City Bank ECUADOR Alfredo Peñaherrera Vergara, Sub-secretary of the Ministry of Agriculture, Industries, and Mines; Chairman of the Delegation Gustavo Adolfo Fassio, Ex-President of the Medical Surgical Society of Guayas Arturo Meneses Pallares, Research Assistant, Office of Labor and Social Information, Pan American Union, Washington Pedro Leopoldo Núñez, Ex-Minister of Public Credit and Finances EGYPT Hussein Bey M. Enan, Under Secretary of State, Ministry of Agriculture; Chairman of the Delegation Hussein Bey Fahmy, Under Secretary of Supplies EL SALVADOR Héctor David Castro, Ambassador to the United States; Chairman of the Delegation Víctor C. Barriere, Director General of the Budget Miguel Angel Gallardo, Office of the Director General of Health ETHIOPIA .: Yilma Deressa, Vice Minister of Finance; Chairman of the Delegation Araya Ababa Berhanu Tesamma, Secretary to the Governorate of Harar FRENCH DELEGATION Hervé Alphand, Inspector of Finance; Director of Economic Affairs of the French National Committee; Chairman of the Delegation Pierre Berthault, Member of the Academy of Agriculture of France André Mayer, Vice President of the College de France, Paris; Member of the Academy of Medicine of France GREAT BRITAIN Richard Law, Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs; Chairman of the Delegation J. P. R. Maud, Ministry of Food J. C. Drummond, Ministry of Food R. R. Enfield, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries CL M Clanson Colonial Ofico GREAT BRITAIN-Cont. L. C. Robbins, Economic Secretariat of the War Cabinet Offices J. H. Magowan, Board of Trade Sir Kenneth Lee, Ministries of Production and Supply E. Twentyman, British Food Mission GREECE Cimon P. Diamantopoulos, Ambassador to the United States; Chairman of the Delegation IRAQ Ali Jawdat, Minister to the United States; Chairman of the Delegation LIBERIA Gabriel L. Dennis, former Secretary of the, Treasury; Chairman of the Delegation Leo Sajous, Director of Public Health and Sanitation George A. Dunbar, former District Commissioner LUXEMBOURG Hugues Le Gallais, Minister to the United States; Chairman of the Delegation Léon Schaus, Counselor and Secretary General of the Luxembourg Government MEXICO Manuel J. Zevada, Under Secretary of National Economy; Chairman of the Delegation Eduardo Morillo Safa, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture Luis Padilla Nervo, Aassistant Secretary of Labor Manuel Martínez Báez, Assistant Secretary of Public Health Roberto López, Director of the National Bank of Foreign Trade NETHERLANDS M. P. L. Steenberghe, President of the Economic, Financial, and Shipping Mission of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Washington; Chairman of the Delegation G. H. C. Hart, Vice President of the Economic, Financial, and Shipping Mission and Chairman of the Board for the Netherlands Indies, Curaçao, and Surinam; Vice Chairman of the Delegation P. Honig, Member of the Board for the Netherlands Indies, Curaçao, and Surinam L. A. H. Peters, Agricultural Attaché, Netherlands Embassy, Washington A. H. Philipse, Member of the Economic, Financial, and Shipping Mission I. Snapper, formerly of Amsterdam University and Peiping Union Medical College NEW ZEALAND Richard Mitchelson Campbell, Official Secretary, High Commissioner's Office, London; Chairman of the Delegation George Andrew Duncan, Director, Export Division, Marketing Department Ernest James Fawcett, Director General of Agriculture NICARAGUA León DeBayle, Ambassador to the United States; Chairman of the Delegation Guillermo Tunnermann López, Manager, National Bank of Nicaragua |