sand three hundred and seventy feet above sea; thence descending on a varying grade from ninety-seven feet to fifty-three feet for 3 miles to five thousand one hundred and eleven feet above sea; thence over a nearly level grade for 13 miles, and a rising grade of eighty-five feet for two thirds of a mile (together 23 miles) to the line between Nevada and California, five thousand one hundred and fifty-three feet above sea; thence descending for .52 miles rapidly into Long Valley to five thousand one hundred and twenty-three feet altitude; thence down said valley on a descending undulating grade, average thirty-four feet per mile, 8.24 miles to Chat, altitude four thousand eight hundred and thirty-six feet. Chat is 2 miles east of Crest, in Beckwith Pass. From Crest the water flows west to Feather River, and with the valley of that stream, offers a practical route, with grade not over one hundred feet per mile, into Plumas County, and to Sacramento and tide. From Reno for 19 miles the general direction of the road is a little west of north, and its southern half exceedingly sinuous. Thence northwest for 2 miles; thence northwest, west, and southwest to 28th mile at State line, 2 miles farther south than at the 19th mile. This last section is much like the first or Reno section in curvature. Thence 9 miles to Chat, or 37th mile, on a little west of north course. Between Reno and Chat there are many curves (some as sharp as 18 degrees). Curves on grades are so compensated that they do not offer more resistance than straight grades. Only 22 miles of the 37 are tangents, and the curvature aggregates 6,578 degrees. In 1887-88 the road was extended north through Long Valley into Honey Lake Valley, 33 miles. There is no ascending grade going north on this section, as the valley descends at the rate of twenty-four feet to the mile. The physical features of the valley made necessary a descent in three places at the rate of seventy feet. In the alignment there are but few curves, and they generally are of large radius; and of the sharper none are more than 10 degrees. Of this 33 miles 25 are straight, there being only 1,246 degrees of curvature. There are neither tunnels nor a truss bridge on the whole 70 miles. Between Reno and Chat there are twenty-three trestles, and four on the new road north of Chat-in all, twenty-seven-twenty of which can be filled with earth, only seven passing water. The present north end of the road is called Liegan, 70 miles from Reno, four thousand and fiftyeight feet above sea, in Section 13, Township 16, Range 17 east, Mt. Diablo Meridian, midway between the Nevada line and Honey Lake, California, 6 miles west from 120th meridian, latitude 40.9 degrees, as determined by the scientific party stationed at the north end of the road (Liegan) for the purpose of observing the sun's total eclipse. Chartered November 4, 1887. Line completed and put in operation October 22, 1888, since which time it has been operated by the above named company. The track is of thirty-pound steel rail on No. 1 red wood ties; good roadbed; standard gauge; well equipped. Connects with Southern Pacific at Tulare. Line-Mound House (junction with Virginia and Truckee Railroad), Nevada, 3 293 6 Line in Nevada, 191 miles; in California, 108 miles. Follows, in the main, the open country of the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevadas, crossing in Nevada, the Carson and Walker Rivers, which irrigate the extensive agricultural and grazing valleys of the same names; thence follows for 30 miles the eastern shore line of Walker Lake to town of Hawthorne. Near Nevada-California State line the road crosses the White Mountain Range and follows the Owens River through the fertile Owens Valley, about 75 miles. The mountain ranges on either side of the line between Hawthorne and Keeler embrace the following well known and productive mining districts: Aurora, Bodie, Lundy, Garfield, Santa Fe, Downeyville, Ellsworth, Ione, Grantsville, Belmont, Belleville, Candelaria, Columbus, Silver Peak, Montezuma, Alida Valley, Palmetto, Sylvania, Gold Mountain, Benton, Cerro Gordo, Darwin, Lookout, Coso, and Panamint. At Rhodes Marsh, Teals Marsh, and Columbus Marsh in Esmeralda County, Nevada, and at Saline Valley, in Inyo County, California, extensive and productive deposits of borax, borate of lime, soda, and salt are found and profitably worked. Near Keeler, along the shore of Owens Lake, the Inyo Development Company has about twenty acres of earth vats, into which the alkaline waters of Owens Lake are pumped, and by evaporation and precipitation, during the dry and hot summer months, form deposits of soda, in crusts several inches in thickness, making an annual crop of several thousand tons available for shipment to commercial centers; also, near and on the eastern side of Owens Lake, in the foothills of the Inyo Range of mountains, are found the famous Inyo marble quarries, from which white, black, yellow, and agate marble of the finest quality are being produced and shipped. Owens Valley contains many fine farms, and many thousand acres of uncultivated land suitable for agricultural, fruit, and grazing purposes; corn, wheat, oats, and barley are sure and remunerative crops; apples, pears, peaches, plums, prunes, apricots, nectarines, and figs flourish finely; and the best and most successful results are predicted from the many acres of grapes now being set out and cultivated. No valley on the entire Pacific Coast is so well watered. Owens River, and the many creeks having source in the Sierra Range afford an abundant and constant supply of water, and make Owens Valley a most delightful spot to visit or locate. Mount Whitney, the nose " of the Sierra Nevadas, having an altitude of fifteen thousand and eighty-eight feet, is distinctly seen from the car windows along the line between Independence and Lone Pine Stations, the summit being about twenty miles (west) from the latter. The Whitney region, embracing Whitney and many other creeks, and the headwaters of Kern River, is reached by a good trail from the village of Lone Pine, and affords the very finest fishing grounds for brook and river trout imaginable-a region that is, in fact, "not fished out.” The Carson and Colorado Railroad and its first class equipment are maintained in Al condition; the country it penetrates is steadily increasing in prosperity, and with the road's proposed early southerly extension to a connection with the several trunk lines running into (and projected) Southern California, a veritable "boom," arising from the development of the resources of this new and hitherto almost unheard of country, can be expected. LIST OF ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION OF ALL RAILROAD COMPANIES FILED IN THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE FROM NOVEMBER 15, 1889, TO NOVEMBER 17, 1890. STATISTICAL DETAILS. TABLE No. 1. SHOWING PROGRESS OF RAILROAD CONSTRUCTION IN CALIFORNIA FROM 1856 TO 1889, INCLUSIVE. The total indebtedness of reporting corporations, December 31, 1889, was $199,934,143 76. Classified as follows: The Atlantic and Pacific is not included in above, not having reported. Totals for 1889 Totals for 1888 Differences between 1888 and 1889 4,187.74 $414,530,605 08 | | | | $21,140,610 00 pany. 13,446,696 99 $1,892,197 63 + $2,206,416 16 † $2,245,513 71 + $91,350 52 ** Deficit. ¶ Reported by Southern Pacific Com |