Ilbert 17. The Anomalies of the Supreme Court: James Mill. 22. The Training of Civil Servants in India: (i) Lord 24. The Competitive System: T. B. Macaulay 25. The Employment of Indians in the Public Services: 87 THE SUPPRESSION OF INHUMAN CUSTOMS-continued 30. The Profession of Thugi: J. W. Kaye 31. Thugs at Work: Sir W. Sleeman THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM 34. The Introduction of Western Learning: Raja Ram 35. Education in Bombay: Mountstuart Elphinstone. 36. A Great Departure in Educational Policy: (i) T. B. 44. The Press in India in 1831: James Sutherland 45. The Benefits of a Free Press: Raja Ram Mohan Roy 49. Justification of the System of Double Govern- ment Petition of the East India Company Thanks are due to the following publishers for their kind permission to reprint Messrs. Chatto and Windus (Mr. R. C. Dutt's England and India). The Delegates of the Clarendon Press (Sir Courtenay Ilbert's The Government Messrs. Longmans, Green and Co. (Sir G. O. Trevelyan's Life and Letters Messrs. Macmillan and Co., Ltd. (M. Chailley's Administrative Problems STANFORD, LOKARY THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHAPTER I THE FOUNDATIONS OF AN INDIAN POLICY But, It was not until the long struggle between the Mahratta and B history of the two countries has been emphasised by Mr. Romesh Chander Dutt in the following words : An Age of Peaceful Progress Source." England and India.” Romesh Chander Dutt. Never was there any period when Europe and India made more real progress within the lifetime of one generation than during the twenty years which succeeded the Napoleonic wars and the last Mahratta wars. Castlereagh1 destroyed himself in 1822. He was succeeded as leader in the House of Commons by the noble-minded Canning, a great statesman, a gifted orator, a true Liberal at heart. His appointment as leader of the House of Commons, under Lord Liverpool, who was still Prime Minister, marks a turning-point in English history, and is the first official recognition of that Liberalism which was growing in England. Reforms which had been delayed so long came trooping in. The barbarous criminal laws of England, which inflicted the punishment of death on slight offences, were being slowly modified. The equally barbarous laws which kept the working classes bound as serfs to the British soil, and in convenient subordination to their employers, were repealed, and combinations of workmen to obtain better wages were no longer forbidden. Last, though not least, was the subject of the emancipation of the Catholics, who were still debarred from sitting in the House of Commons or holding important offices under the Crown. Canning fought nobly for the complete emancipation of Catholics from all disabilities. The years which followed the Reform Bill of 1832 were years of activity in the direction of reforms and of Liberal legislation. Education was in a backward state in England, and in 1833 there was one person in eleven of the population attending school. A small grant was now made to promote national education. The employment of children in factories was restricted in the same year. The laws which encouraged lazy pauperism and discouraged honest industry were reformed in 1834. The heavy and prohibitive tax of fourpence on each copy of a newspaper was reduced to a penny, and the fetters 1 Lord Liverpool was Prime Minister from 1812 to 1827; but, in reality, power was vested in the hands of Lord Castlereagh, the leader of the party in the House of Commons until the time of his death. |