point of extending a formal recognition when his minister of foreign affairs in an interview with the diplomatic corps demanded of them an immediate recognition, and upon their refusal to accord it declared that relations with the legations must cease. The Government of the United States, regarding the question of recognition as one addressed to its "independent judgment and discretion," uninfluenced by "anything in the nature of a menace," authorized its minister to present his credentials to President Iglesias on a satisfactory retraction of the attitude of the minister of foreign affairs toward the legations." The retraction was made, and recognition duly accorded." December 2, 1885, as the result of a revolution under General Cáceres, President Iglesias was deposed, and the Government was committed to a council of ministers till a popular election should be held." Deposition of Igle sias; Interregnum. "If for no other reason, a sound motive for avoiding hasty recognition in the present instance is found in the circumstance, reported by you, that the arrangement whereby Iglesias and Cáceres renounced their claims to the executive power and delegated three commissioners on each side to devise a provisional government, was brought about through the good offices of the diplomatic body in Lima. It is presumed that you joined in this exercise of good offices, at least no intimation to the contrary has been received. If so, your purpose was laudable. Any friendly steps toward permitting the Peruvians to reestablish public order and good government are commendable. But the United States, holding steadfastly to the principles of constitutional self-government, can not assume to forejudge the popular will of Peru by ratifying and confirming an experimental and provisional order of things they may have indirectly helped to create. "It will be your province to maintain the most friendly and intimate relations with whatever government may be fully established and in possession of the power of the nation. It is, however, for the President to determine when and how formal recognition of the new government of Peru by the United States shall be effected. Probably credentials will be sent to you in due time to be presented to the President of Peru when his authority shall have been confirmed by the Peruvian people. In point of fact, your intercourse with the government during the brief interregnum will be as full and direct as @ Mr. Frelinghuysen, Sec. of State, to Mr. Phelps, April 9, 1884, MS. Inst. Peru, XVII. 47. Mr. Frelinghuysen, Sec. of State, to Mr. Phelps, telegram, April 18, 1884, MS. Inst. Peru, XVII. 50. Mr. Phelps, minister to Peru, to Mr. Frelinghuysen, Sec. of State, April 29, 1884, For Rel. 1884, p. 420; Mr. Frelinghuysen, Sec. of State, to Mr. Gibbs, May 19, 1884. MS. Inst. Peru, XVII. 55. d For Rel. 1885, 678. though the formality of recognition had taken place, and you will scrupulously avoid any abstention which might appear to denote distrust or opposition on our part." Mr. Bayard, Sec. of State, to Mr. Buck, Dec. 16, 1885, MS. Inst. Peru, XVII. Provisional Government. "On the 16th ultimo Mr. Elmore [who had for some time been Peruvian minister at Washington] communicated to the Department, the letter of the five notables who had assumed control of the Peruvian administration, announcing themselves as a provisional government. It was arranged in conference with Mr. Elmore that the addresses to be made on presenting his letter of recail (28th ultimo) should have the effect of recognizing the provisional government as the temporary repository of Peruvian authority, it being understood that it is to be succeeded shortly by a President and Congress already elected by the people of Peru. "The following telegram was sent you on the 27th (Tuesday): 'President receives Peruvian minister Wednesday to present letter of recall; at the same time recognizes provisional government as about to be legitimately succeeded by President and Congress elect. You will announce this friendly action same day (twenth-eighth)." Mr. Bayard, Sec. of State, to Mr. Buck, May 1, 1886, MS. Inst. Peru, XVII. 214. 13. BRAZIL. On November 17, 1889, Mr. Adams, United States minister to Brazil, telegraphed: "Imperial family sailed to-day. The Republic. Government de facto, with ministry, established. Perfect order maintained. Important we acknowledge Republic first." a The events thus reported were the results of a sudden, unexpected, and bloodless revolution committed on the two preceding days by the military and naval forces at Rio de Janeiro, who arrested and deposed the ministry, proclaimed a republic, and, holding the Emperor a prisoner in the palace, ordered the imperial family to leave the country within twenty-four hours.' November 19 Mr. Adams was instructed to maintain diplomatic relations with the provisional government of Brazil." c The provisional government announced that it would respect all contracts and engagements entered into by the state, and confirmed the powers given by the Empire to the Brazilian represent a To Mr. Blaine, Sec. of State, For. Rel. 1889, 60. Mr. Adams to Mr. Blaine, telegram, Nov. 16, 1889, For. Rel. 1889, 59; same to same, Nov. 19, 1889, id. 60. e Telegram of Mr. Blaine, Sec. of State, to Mr. Adams, For. Rel. 1889, 63. atives in Washington, where the International American Conference and the International Maritime Conference were then in session." November 25 Mr. Adams reported that the Argentine Republic, Chile, and Uruguay had recognized the new government." November 30 he "was instructed that so soon as a majority of the people of Brazil should have signified their assent to the establishment and maintenance of the Republic he was to give it, on behalf of the United States, a formal and cordial recognition. "C "The recent revolution in Brazil in favor of the establishment of a republican form of government is an event of great interest to the United States. Our minister at Rio de Janeiro was at once instructed to maintain friendly diplomatic relations with the provisional government, and the Brazilian representatives at this capital were instructed by the provisional government to continue their functions. Our friendly intercourse with Brazil has, therefore, suffered no interruption. "Our minister has been further instructed to extend on the part of this Government a formal and cordial recognition of the new Republic so soon as the majority of the people of Brazil shall have signified their assent to its establishment and maintenance." President Harrison's Annual Message, Dec. 3, 1889. "The minister of Brazil in this capital, Mr. Amaral Valente, and his associate the Brazilian minister on special mission, Mr. Mendonça, having recently received new letters of credence as representatives of the United States of Brazil, they were received in that capacity by the the President on Wednesday the 29th instant. * * * "The President, on the 30th instant, sent to the Senate the following new nomination in your case: "Robert Adams, jr., of Pennsylvania, now accredited envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the Empire of Brazil, to be envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the United States of Brazil.' "Upon confirmation thereof by the Senate, a new commission and letter of credence will be sent to you. Upon delivery of the latter, in the usual way, the successive stages of diplomatic procedure in regard to the change of Government in Brazil and the reciprocal representation of the two countries will have been completed." Mr. Blaine, Sec. of State, to Mr. Adams, Jan. 31, 1890, MS. Inst. Brazil, XVII. 433. a For. Rel. 1889, 60, 70, 71. See also Mr. Blaine to Mr. Adams, telegrams, Nov. 19 and Nov. 23, 1889, MS. Inst. Brazil, XVII. 422,423. Telegram, For. Rel. 1889, 63. See also dispatch of Mr. Adams of Dec. 6, 1889, announcing recognition by Switzerland, France, and the Pope. The other European powers resumed diplomatic relations unofficially. (For. Rel. 1889, 66.) c Telegram of Mr. Blaine, Sec. of State, For. Rel. 1889, 66. H. Doc. 551-11 "Dispatches en route will inform you of the full recognition of the United States of Brazil, both by the President and Congress. You have been nominated and confirmed as minister plenipotentiary to the new Republic." Mr. Blaine, Sec. of State, to Mr. Adams, telegram, Feb. 20, 1890, MS. Inst. Congress, by a joint resolution approved Feb. 19, 1890, congratulated the This resolution was communicated to the Brazilian Government through the legation of the United States at Rio de Janeiro. (For. Rel. 1890, 22.) For the response of the Brazilian congress, Jan. 21, 1899, see For. Rel. 1891, 50-51. "Toward the end of the past year the only independent monarchical government on the Western Continent, that of Brazil, ceased to exist and was succeeded by a Republic. Diplomatic relations were at once established with the new Government, but it was not completely recognized until an opportunity had been afforded to ascertain that it had popular approval and support. When the course of events had yielded assurance of this fact, no time was lost in extending to the new Government a full and cordial welcome into the family of American Commonwealths. It is confidently believed that the good relations of the two countries will be preserved, and that the future will witness an increased intimacy of intercourse and an expansion of their mutual commerce." President Harrison, Annual Message, Dec. 1, 1890. 14. CHILE. § 56. On the overthrow of the Balmaceda Government in Chile by the Congressionalists in 1891, the minister of the United Revolution of 1891. States at Santiago was instructed to recognize the new Government if it was accepted by the people." 15. HAWAII. $ 57. After the deposition of the monarchy in Hawaii in January, 1893, representatives of the provisional government were received at Washington, where a treaty was concluded with them on the 14th of February for the annexation of the islands to the United States. This treaty was withdrawn from Deposition of the a See For. Rel. 1891, 159. b For. Rel. 1894, App. II. 197–205. the Senate by the succeeding Administration, but official relations with the provisional government were continued." In August, 1894, the constitutional government of the Republic of Hawaii was formally recognized. 16. SANTO DOMINGO. § 58. "The neighboring island Republic of Santo Domingo has lately been the scene of revolution, following a long period Revolution of 1899. of tranquillity. It began with the killing of President Heureaux in July last, and culminated in the relinquishment by the succeeding vice-president of the reins of government to the insurgents. The first act of the provisional government was the calling of a presidential and constituent election. Juan Isidro Jimenez, having been elected President, was inaugurated on the 14th of November. Relations have been entered into with the newly established Government.” President McKinley, Annual Message, Dec. 5, 1899. October 19, 1899, Mr. Adee, Second Assistant Secretary, acknowledging the For the formal recognition of the elective government of President Jimenez, September 1, 1899, shortly after the assassination of President Heureaux, Mr. Hay, as Secretary of State, telegraphed to the minister of the United States: "Report when effective and responsible de facto government is organized in Santo Domingo, but take no steps toward recognition without explicit instructions." (For. Rel. 1899, 248.) October 19, 1899, Mr. Hay wrote: "Upon your being satisfied that the new government of Santo Domingo is in possession of the executive forces of the nation and administering the public affairs with due regard for the obligations of international law and treaties, you will enter into full relations with it. This is a For. Rel. 1894, App. II. 421, 431. Also, S. Doc. 40, 54 Cong. 2 sess. 5. Jan. 20, 1880, the consul of the United States at Apia was instructed to recognize Malietoa as King of Samoa. (MS. Inst. to Consuls, XCIV. 643; S. Doc. 40, 54 Cong. 2 sess. 14.) For. Rel. 1894, 358-360. See, also, Presdent Cleveland's Annual Message, Dec. 3, 1894. |