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We neel only quote as an example, the paragraph from the Declaration of Independence, drawn up by Jefferson, who surely was not remarkable for his Anglo-Saxon attachments:

in 1723, the whites had increased to 34,393, | possessions British colonies, and the English and the blacks to 6,171; total, 40,564. This people their kindred and of the same origin. was under the English Government. A few Dutch and Poles settled in New-Jersey, a few Swedes in Delaware, many Germans in Pennsylvania, where they afterwards became one third of the population, and some French Protestants, called Huguenots, in New-York and South Carolina. Settlements of Lowland Scotch and Scotch-Irish from the north of Ireland were made in Pennsylvania and the Carolinas, and a small number of Irish Protestants settled the town of Londonderry, in New-Hampshire. With the exception of a few Scottish Highlanders who settled in North and South Carolina, and Georgia, we believe no Celtic colony is to be found among the American settlements of either the seventeenth or eighteenth centuries. At the revolution in England in 1688, that is, eighty-one years after the first settlement in Virginia, and sixty-eight after that of Plymouth in New-England, the population of the colonies, then twelve in number, Georgia being a subsequent settlement, was estimated at about two hundred thousand, of which 75,000 were in New-England, and 50,000 in Virginia.

We thus see that the British North American colonies were settled almost exclusively by Anglo-Saxons, and their rapid progress was owing in a great degree to the energy and vigor peculiar to the race to which they belonged. The Rev. Dr. Baird, in his work entitled "Religion in America," has some appropriate remarks on this subject:

"Nor have we been wanting in our attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. time to time of attempts made by their Legislature We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. must therefore acquiesce in the necessity which hold the rest of mankind-enemies in war, in denounces our separation, and hold them, as we peace friends."

We

Of the fifty-six signers of the Declaration of Independence, thirty-six are believed to have been of Anglo-Saxon origin; five Pictish or Lowland Scotch; seven Welsh or Cymbric; four Anglo-Irish; one Scotch-Irish; one Austro-Irish; one Swedish; and one Spanish. On examining the list of delegates from the various States to the Continental Congress, from 1774 to 1788, we find that two hundred and forty-eight were of AngloSaxon, three of Anglo-Norman, thirty-one of Scotch, ten of Irish, twenty-four of Welsh, seventeen of Huguenot or French, eleven Dutch, three German, one Swedish, and one of Spanish origin. Total, 349. The AngloSaxons represented the States in the following proportions, viz.: New-Hampshire, 17; Massachusetts, 20; Rhode Island, 12; Conguished that race, admirably fit a man for the la- necticut, 23; New-York, 12; New-Jersey, bor and isolation necessarily to be endured before 17; Pennsylvania, 27; Delaware, 13; Maryhe can be a successful colonist. Now, New-England, 27; Virginia, 25; North Carolina, 19; land, New-Jersey, Delaware and Pennsylvania, South Carolina, 19; Georgia, 17. with the exception of Dutch and Swedish elements, which were too inconsiderable to affect the

"The Anglo-Saxon race possessed qualities peculiarly adapted to successful colonization. The characteristic perseverance, the spirit of personal freedom and independence that have ever distin

general result, were all colonized by people of Anglo-Saxon origin. And assuredly they have displayed qualities fitting them for their task such as the world has never witnessed before."

But how did the people of the colonies themselves view the question with regard to their common origin? The documents the patriots of the American Revolution issued to the world, abundantly show that they considered themselves as Anglo-Saxons, their

An examination of the names of the lead

ing officers of the Revolutionary army would doubtless show a similar result to that of the Congressional list, but we do not deem it important to enter into the examination. If our Revolutionary fathers, when signing the Magna Charta of Independence, did not hesitate to recognize the ties of kindred in those from whom they were separating, there is no occasion at this day to deny the truths of history, and refuse to acknowledge our common origin as a nation with that Anglo

Saxon people, against whom we have con- laws, manners and customs, induces us to
tended in two wars for independence, but believe that our national character will not
who still hold us in commercial subjection, be materially changed by the effects of imi-
in consequence of our false system of legisla-gration. It should be the duty of all true
tion; which, contrary to the spirit of our Americans to discourage the separate action
Anglo-Saxon ancestors, refuses to protect
our own industry.

The effect of the mighty stream of imigration which Europe is now pouring upon our shores is yet to be determined by the events of the future. But our former experience as a nation in receiving the people of various races who have sought this favored land as an asylum, and the ready adoption by the various masses of the Anglo-Saxon language,

and trans-atlantic attachments and associa tions of the foreigners who come to reside among us; and to impress upon them the truth, that as all meet here on equal ground, so all distinctions of race should here be lost sight of, and all denizens, from whatever land or clime, should be anxious to be known in this republic only by the common name of AMERICANS.

A

NOTES.

I. Sir William Betham, a distinguished British antiquary, in a recent work expresses the opinion, founded on his investigations, that the Welsh and the Gael must have been a totally distinct and separate people; that the Welsh language differs totally from the Gaelic, and has not in fact the slightest affinity, unless it could be considered an affinity that a few words are to be found in each tongue which have the same or similar meaning. Lhuyd and Rowland, two of the most eminent Welsh writers, admit that a people who spoke the Irish language were the predecessors of the Welsh in Wales, and gave names to most of the places in that country; and that Welsh names of rivers and places were only to be found in the eastern and southern parts of Scotland. "Therefore," says Betham, "it appears clear that the Picts who inhabited that country must have been the ancestors of the Welsh, and that they conquered Wales, Cornwall, and Brittany, on the fall of the Roman empire; and calling themselves Cymbri, they were a colony of the Cimbri, a people who once inhabited the neighboring coasts of Jutland, (Denmark,) the ancient Cimbric Chersonesus, the country opposite the land of the Picts." Sir William Betham concludes, that the Irish, the Gael of Scotland, (Highlanders,) and the Manks, (of the Isle of Man,) are now the only descendants of that ancient people, of Phoenician origin, who speak their language.

IL. The following are the names and origin of the twenty signers of the Declaration of Independence, who are not considered of Anglo-Saxon origin :

Lowland Scotch-William Hooper, Philip Livingston, George Ross, James Wilson, John Witherspoon.

Irish-Charles Carroll, Thomas Lynch, jr., Thomas McKean, James Smith, Matthew Thornton, George Taylor.

Welsh-William Floyd, Francis Lewis, Joseph Hewes, Thomas Jefferson, Lewis Morris, Robert Morris, William Williams.

Swedish.-John Morton.

Spanish-William Paca.

The name of Paca, we believe, is only to be found in the Spanish and Portuguese. William Paca, of Maryland, whom we consider of Spanish descent, was of a highly respectable family; but his origin is not mentioned in his biography.

Thomas Lynch, jr., of South Carolina, one of the signers, was of a distinguished family of Connaught, Ireland. His biographer says that the South Carolina branch of the Lynch family, from which he was descended, was originally of Austria, where it was called Lince or Lintz. They removed to England, and from Kent to Ireland.

The names of Thornton, Smith, Taylor, and Carroll, in Ireland, we believe to have been originally of Anglo-Saxon origin. We have some doubt of the latter. It may be Celtic; but we think it is either Saxon or Norman. The ancestor of the family, Charles Carroll, grandfather of the signer, came to Maryland with the early English Catholic colonists, sent out by Lord Baltimore. He was a native of King's County, Ireland, and was a clerk in the office of Lord Powis, in the reign of James the

Second.

Among the names of the delegates to the Continental Congress, besides the signers of the Declaration, are Sullivan, Burke, Duane, and Kearney, which it is well known are Irish.

The Sullivans (O'Sullivan originally) are a distinguished ancient Celtic family in Ireland. The Burkes are descended from an Anglo-Norman, named De Burgh, who accompanied Strongbow in his expedition to Ireland in the reign of Henry the Second. (See Burke's Landed Gentry.)

THE NORTHERN LIGHTS.

I.

HELL'S gates swing open wide!

Hell's furious chiefs forth ride!
The deep doth redden

With flags of armies marching through the Night,
As kings shall lead their legions to the fight
At Armageddon.

II.

Peers and princes mark I,
Captains and Chiliarchi;

Thou burning Angel of the Pit, Abaddon!
Charioteers from Hades, land of Gloom,
Gigantic thrones, and heathen troopers, whom
The thunder of the far-off fight doth madden.

III.

Lo! Night's barbaric Khans,

Lo! the waste Gulf's wild clans Gallop across the skies with fiery bridles! Lo! flaming Sultanas, infernal Czars,

In deep-ranked squadrons gird the glowing cars Of Lucifer and Ammon, towering Idols.

IV.

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Columns all plumed and cohorts of artillery;
Still girdled nobles cross the snowy fields
In flashing chariots, and their crimson shields'
Kindle afar thy icy peaks, Cordillera!

IX.

On, Lords of dark Despair!
Prince of the Powers of Air,

Bear your broad banners through the constellations!
Wave, all ye Stygian hordes,

Through the black sky your swords; Startle with warlike signs the watching nations. March, ye mailed multitudes, across the deep; Far shine the battlements on Heaven's steep. Dare ye again, fierce Thrones and scarlet Powers, Assail with Hell's wild host those crystal towers! Tempt ye again the angels' shining blades, Ithuriel's spear, and Michael's circling truncheon, The seraph-cavalier, whose winged brigades Drove you in dreadful rout down to the Night's vast dungeon?

G. H. M.

EARTH AND MAN.*

THIS is one of a class of subjects which of

latter years has grown out of and been laid open by the growth of other sciences. As the visible world has been mapped out, explored, and defined, and the harlequinism of the youthful sciences has given place to the greater marvels of the truth, every form in which nature manifests herself to us shows an increasing mutual dependence, and a convergence to one centre-man. From this connection and newly-discovered unity, the whole range of human knowledge has received an increased and increasing impulse, while on some of its paths a most unexpected blaze of light has been shed. Among others, Geography-or Geology, as it should rightly be called, were not the term already appropriated to a portion of it-is no longer the dry, unmeaning science it once was held to be, involving no great principle and tending to no great purpose; but it is at last felt to be, in its growth and perfection, a foreshadowing of the physical destinies of mankind. Astronomy and Geography, as Laplace and Herschel, Humboldt and Ritter have unfolded them, are now history-the history of the material universe and of created life; covering, not thousands of years, but thousands of cycles; and not stopping with the present, but prophesying of futurity.

Let us go back to those far-off scenes which their latest and most brilliant discoveries have laid open. "The earth was without form and void." Vaporiform, shapeless, glowing with combustion, a thousand times more rarefied than the atmosphere around us, huge volumes of the ultimate particles of matter filled the firmament, fleeting though space before the breath of the Almighty. As the billows of this firemist rolled on to their common centre, huge whirlpools would be formed from its approaching currents, and thus, from the wellknown law in physics that, when streams of fluid matter converge in their course or meet

in a centre, they establish a rotary motion? was formed our planetary system, rou h hewn and formless, but with all its magnifi cent purposes fully engermed within it. The same law of matter that drives the little eddy of dust and straw along the highway, or covers the bosom of the streamlet with dimples, guides the course of suns and planets and astral systems, and, we have every reason to believe, of the whole material universe. The nebulous sphere thus formed, filling up the space inclosed within what is now the orbit of the outermost planet, was a vast heated furnace, torn with the flaming tornadoes that raged and howled through its depths, but still following the same path that its chaotic materials pursued while yet a fire-cloud. Its rotary motion, a product of the conflict between this original movement and the mutual attraction of its particles, marks the natal hour of our planetary system. In the struggle between the contending centrifugal and centripetal forces, the outlying portions of the mass have become cooled, partly by radiation of their heat into space, and partly in consequence of their condensation. The least excess of the centrifugal over the attractive force would now suffice to detach this ring from the central body, preserving, however, its rotary motion, as well as the primary onward movement of the whole mass. The condensation of the inner nebulous matter still goes on; the space between the ring and the sphere becomes a vast abyss; the ring, of varying proportions and materials, breaks up and becomes itself a sphere; its rotary motion becomes its orbitual, and we at last behold the eldest-born of the planets careering through the ether, and hailing, as the ages float by, the successive births of its younger brethren.

And now, in its turn and due time, our own globe takes its place in the winged phalanx. Its satellite is thrown off by the

The Earth and Man: Lectures on Comparative Physical Geography, in its Relation to the History of Mankind. By ARNOLD GUYOT.

VOL. VIII. NO. III. NEW SERIES.

14

same laws to which it owed its own exist- | fossiliferous remains, there must have been a ence. At this period the mass of the earth remarkable sameness and tranquillity of cliwas upwards of 482,000 miles in diameter, mate over the whole surface of the earth. and its time of rotation about twenty-nine The heat of the almost seething waters must and a half days. This rate of speed-the have gone far to counteract the climatic day and night of those primeval years-its inequalities. There was no dry land to satellite still preserves in its revolutionary disturb the equilibrium of the atmosphere, period; while the parent globe, by continued by producing different degrees of rarefaction, condensation, is reduced to the sixtieth of or deflecting from their regular and gentle that diameter, and its rotation accelerated course the great wind-currents; while the to its present fixed rate of twenty-four hours. marine currents swept equally unobstructed It now assumes its three most marked around the earth's circumference. The natural appearances, the gaseous envelope great density of the atmosphere must also or atmosphere, the liquid or the waters of have contributed to this effect. This was the ocean, and the cooled and hardened the period of the earlier sedimentary rocks, crust. Within this mighty caldron still and the hour before the dawn of animated roars the original and central heat, intensi- creation. “And darkness was on the face of fied by its narrowed limits, and ever strain- the deep." The sun's rays struggled feebly ing against the rock walls of its dungeon. through the thick, murky atmosphere. The gloomy sea was undisturbed by storms, and in silence the rains were gathered and returned to its bosom. No life breathed, no voice was heard in those dreadful solitudes. But far and near, wheresoever the eye could rest, was the vague, illimitable main.

seas.

And now we come to that era in this great history which shows more immediate marks of the preparation of the earth for the home of man; a time inconceivably remote, but which seems but as yesterday when compared with those immense cycles through which its previous course must have run. The newly-formed crust must have been in great part, perhaps wholly, covered by the The waters themselves were probably at a temperature nearly approaching the boiling-point. We have no reason to think that the solid parts were otherwise than irregular in their contour and groupings, nearly as much so, in fact, as at the present hour, though not possessing the same elevation. The marine currents doubtless existed. The sharp outlines of these submarine mountains and continents must thus have been subjected to a violent chemical and mechanical action, and must have been worn away with a rapidity unknown since. The turbid seas would hold these materials in suspension or chemical solution. A deposit would then take place of the heavier particles first and the lighter afterwards, while those substances held in solution would be precipitated according to their chemical combinations. Each successive layer, which, when first deposited, would be protected from the effects of the internal heat by rapidly radiating it into the superincumbent ocean, would, in its turn, when covered by new strata, be exposed to the full intensity of its fires. Thus were formed the aqueous rocks. At this period, and even at later epochs, judging from the uniformity of their

As the cooling of the planet continued, new changes took place. Slowly upheaving, the sunken continents reared their crests, and dry land appears. The earth, the air, and the waters, now act and react on each other, and become prolific under the lifegiving rays of the sun. The rains, which before fell in the barren lap of the ocean, now pour down on the peaks and jagged sides of the mountains. Disintegration rapidly goes on. Soils and alluvial deposits are formed, and marine and land vegetation is now seen. At first, animal life is found in a few types, but little varied, and belonging to the lowest grade in the scale of animated creation; but in the succeeding epochs, the traces of life become more abundant, and the number of species extended. Before, however, nature has put forth all her strength, and given to land, and sky, and ocean their thousand forms of life, let us look at the map of the globe of those early years, as the earth has preserved it for us in the rock-tablets of her autobiography.

"The largest domain above the surface of the water, in the regions of the future continent of Europe, was Scandinavia and a part of Russia. England and Scotland are only marked by a few islands along the existing western coast; Ireland, by a few others placed at the corners of the present island. All

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