This sad account had a most disastrous effect upon the energies already awakened in France, and not until four years after Cartier's return was there a single movement in the whole empire looking toward a third expedition. Early in the year 1540 Francis I granted patents covering all the territory north of British occupancy to Francoix de la Roque, Seigneur de Roberval. The commission also invested him with supreme power within its bounds.

In the summer of the same year a squadron of five vessels was fitted out for New France. Cartier, who had already twice successfully reached the western hemisphere, was appointed to the command, and accordingly the fleet set sail to convey the French flag once more to America. After a very successful voyage, they reached the lake and river that had received its name from Cartier four years previously, and, proceeding in a westerly course, they subsequently arrived at Stadacona.

He was at first received with every appearance of kindness by the Indians, who expected that he had brought back their chief Donacona, as well as the other chiefs and warriors who had been taken to France. On learning that some of these were dead, and that none of them would return, they offered considerable resistance to the formation of a settlement in their neighborhood.

By these and other difficulties Cartier was induced to move higher up the river to Cape Rouge, where he laid up three of his vessels and sent the other two back to France with letters to the king. His next proceeding was to erect a fort, which he called Charlesbourg. Here, after an unsuccessful attempt to navigate

and regretted that his command and himself had been included in that capitulation. Liberated on parole, he repaired to the seat of government to report the causes of the disaster and the failure of the campaign. He was immediately appointed a Colonel in the regular army, and soon after promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General, having in the meantime been elected Major-General of the Ohio volunteers. On being exchanged and released from parole, he again repaired to the frontier, and joined the army for the recovery of Michigan. Being at that time without a command, he served and distinguished himself as a volunteer aide-de-camp to' General Harrison at the battle of the Thames. He was appointed by

the rapids above Hochelaga, he passed a most uncomfortable winter.

The promised supplies not having arrived, another severe winter completely disheartened Cartier, and he accordingly resolved to return home. Putting into the harbor of St. John, Newfoundland, he encountered Roberval, who was now on his way to Canada, with a new company of adventurers, and an abundance of stores and provisions. Cartier refused to return, and, to avoid forcible detention, he weighed anchor in the night. On the following morning the viceroy arose and observed that his wearied servant had departed. Roberval sailed up the river to Charlesbourg, . which he strengthened by additional fortifications, and where he passed the ensuing winter. Leaving a garrison of thirty men behind, he returned the following spring to France, where he was detained by his sovereign to assist in the war against Charles V.

After the Peace of Cressy, Roberval, in company with his brother Achille and a numerous train of adventurers, again set out for this country. The fleet was never heard of after it put to sea, and was supposed to have foundered, to the regret of the people of France, who greatly admired the brothers for the gallant manner in which they had borne themselves in the war.

This loss completely discouraged Henry II, then (1543) King of France, and he made no further efforts to effect a settlement in Canada. It was not, therefore, till 1598 that any noticeable movement was made by the French Government in projects of trans-Atlantic colonization. In this year the Marquis de la Roche, a nobleman of Brittany, encouraged by Henry, fitted out

President Madison, in October, 1813, Governor of Michigan. His position combined with the ordinary duties of chief magistrate of a civilized community the immediate management and control, as Superintendent, of the relations with the numerous and powerful Indian tribes in this region of country. He conducted with success the affairs of the Territory under embarrassing circumstances. Under his sway peace was preserved between the whites and the treacherous and disaffected Indians, law and order established, and the Territory rapidly advanced in population, resources and prosperity. He held this position till July, 1831, when he was by President Jackson made Secretary of War. In the

a large expedition, which convicts were permitted to join, as it was then difficult to find voluntary adventurers owing to former disasters. Armed with the most ample governmental powers, the Marquis departed to the new world, under the guidance of Chedotel, a pilot of Normandy. But he lacked the qualities necessary to insure success, and little is recorded of his voyage, with the exception that he left forty convicts on Sable Island, a barren spot off the coast of Nova Scotia. Owing to the failure of this adventure, and his attempts to equip another being thwarted at Court, the Marquis fell sick shortly after his return home, and literally died of chagrin. The unfortunate convicts whom he left behind were entirely forgotten for several years, and suffered the most intense hardships. Their clothes were soon worn out, their provisions exhausted. Clad in the skin of the sea-wolf, subsisting upon the precarious supplies afforded by fishing, and living in rude huts formed from the planks of a wrecked vessel, famine and cold gradually reduced their number to twelve. After a residence on the island of twelve years, these wretched men were found in the most deplorable condition by a vessel sent out by the Parliament of Rouen to ascertain their fate. On their return to France they were brought before Henry, who pardoned their crimes in consideration of the great hardships they had undergone, and gave them a liberal donation in money.

In 1599 another expedition was resolved on by Chauvin, of Rouen, a naval officer of reputation, and Pontgrave, a sailor merchant of St. Malo, who, in consideration of a monopoly of the fur trade granted them by Henry, undertook to establish a colony of five hundred persons in Canada. In the spring of 1600 two vessels were equipped, and Chauvin, taking a party of settlers

latter part of 1836 President Jackson appointed him Minister to France, where he remained until 1842, when he requested his recall and returned to this country. In January, 1845, he was elected by the Legislature of Michigan to the Senate of the United States, which place he resigned on his nomination, in May, 1848, as a candidate for the Presidency by the political party to which he belonged. After the election of his opponent (General Taylor) to that office, the Legislature of Michigan, in 1849, re-elected him to the Senate for the unexpired portion of his original

with him, arrived safely at Tadoussac. He erected a fort at this place, and during the summer he obtained a considerable stock of very valuable furs for the most trifling consideration. Being anxious to dispose of these to advantage, he returned to France on the approach of winter, leaving sixteen settlers behind. These were slenderly provided with provisions and clothing, and in the cold weather were reduced to such distress that they had to throw themselves completely on the hospitality of the natives. From these they experienced much kindness, yet so great were the hardships they endured that several of them died before succor arrived from France. Chauvin's death, in 1603, left Canada without a permanent white settlement, yet the spirit of enterprise that had taken firm hold of the more adventurous did not become weakened.

After two more unsuccessful expeditions, one under the direction of De Chaste, and the other under De Mots, the latter obtained in 1607 a commission from King Henry for one year, and, owing to the representations of Samuel Champlain, who had conducted the expedition under De Chaste, he now resolved to establish a French settlement on the St. Lawrence. Fitting out two vessels, he placed them under the command of Champlain, a bold and experienced navigator. The expedition set sail from Harfleur on the 13th of April, 1608, and arrived at Tadoussac on the 3d of June. Here Pontgrave remained to trade with the Indians while Champlain proceeded up the river to examine its banks, and determine upon a suitable site for the settlement he was to found. After a careful scrutiny, he fixed upon a promontory distinguished by a luxuriant growth of vines, and shaded by some noble walnut trees, called by the natives "Qubio" or "Que

term of six years. When Mr. Buchanan became President, he invited General Cass to the head of the Department of State, which position he resigned in December, 1860. He devoted some attention to literary pursuits, and his writings, speeches and State papers would make several volumes, among which is one entitled, "France, its King, Court and Government," published in 1840.

He died in Detroit, June 17, 1866, and will long be remembered as the most eminent and successful statesman of Michigan.

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bec," and which was situated a short distance from the spot where Cartier had erected a fort, and passed a winter sixty-seven years before. Here, on the 3d of July, 1608, he laid the foundation of the present city of Quebec. Rude buildings of wood were first erected on the high grounds, to afford a shelter to his men. When these were completed an embankment was formed above the reach of the tide, where Mountain street now lies, on which the house and battery were built. With the exception of Jamestown, in Virginia, this was the first permanent settlement established in North America.

Having followed the French in their repeated journeys across the ocean, and left them in their first successful settlement, we will next trace their footsteps in those western voyages of discovery and adventure that secured the early settlement of the peninsular State.