white pines. On the best pine lands the quantity of hard wood often exceeds that of pine. In many parts of the State walnut and cherry grow in abundance, and are largely used by the furniture makers of the State and of the East. Oak grows abundantly in many localities, and the trade in that timber for ship-building purposes is of late years assuming magnificent proportions. Aside from that used in the ship-yards along our own shores, vast quantities are annually shipped to Montreal, Quebec, Buffalo and Cleveland. In the interior, where the heavy ship-timber cannot be transported to the streams, the oak is manufactured into staves, which are shipped mainly to Europe and the West Indies.

It may be proper in this connection to correct an erroneous impression that has gone abroad, backed by apparently high authority, in reference to the variety of oak timber that is shipped from this State for purposes of ship-building. Reference is had to the popular belief that the variety known as "live oak" grows abundantly in the forests of Michigan. The fact is live oak does not grow in this State at all. That variety is only found in the Southern States, and is known to botanists as Quercus virens. The variety which forms the bulk of the shipments from Michigan is

awakened from what journalism denominates "ancestral lethargy." The highways of commerce had just opened their gateways of trade, and the great City of the Straits of the present day was commercially an infant. In the light of these facts, it is a difficult matter to properly estimate the value of such effort and innovation as were put forth by Mr. Frisbie during the first six years of his business life in Detroit. In remodeling and modernizing the stores occupied by him at the corner of Woodward and Jefferson avenues, he introduced the first plate glass windows in this city, which at that time, reaching from the pavement to the ceiling, created wonder and admiration. These early improvements had a most salutary influence in producing in rapid succession the many splendid features of modern Detroit.

When the collection of stores occupied by Mr. Frisbie on Jefferson and Woodward avenues became too narrow for his continually expanding business, he removed to the extensive Weber block, further up Woodward avenue, which he still occupies. In this new and elegant building he opened to the public one of the finest retail dry goods houses in the Northwest.

Quereus alba, popularly known as white oak. It is highly esteemed for ship-building, and is only exceeded in value for that purpose by the live oak of the South.

The following will serve to give some idea of the magnitude of the lumber and timber trade of Michigan:

In the year 1872 the aggregate of pine lumber cut by the mills. of the State was 2,253,011,000 feet. Of this amount, the mills of the Saginaw valley cut 837,798,484 feet. The Muskegon Lake mills cut 316,031,400 feet; the Huron shore mills 175,500,000; Manistee mills, 161,900,000; Grand Haven mills, 150,000,000 ; Menominee mills, 136,113,360; Flint and Pere Marquette Railway mills, 114,234,554; White Lake mills, 85,302,347; Detroit and St. Clair River mills, 80,000,000; Jackson, Lansing and Saginaw Railway mills, 68,216,009; Saugatuck mills, 50,000,000; Ludington mills, 47,912,846; other mills, 30,000,000.

Of shingles it is estimated that not less than 400,000,000 were produced the same year. Of lath about 300,000,000.

The shipments of staves for the same year were as follows: Saginaw river, 8,663,200; Detroit, 2,102,000; Port Huron, 1,536,900; Lexington, 204,000; New Baltimore, 184,000.

About $20,000,000 are invested in the production of pine lumber, giving employment to nearly twenty thousand persons. This estimate does not include the enormous amount of money invested in pine lands, nor the men employed in the transportation of the lumber to market, or those employed in the lumber camps in the woods.

In addition to the pine timber of the State, as before intimated, the hard wood forests are immense and valuable. These, especially in the northern portion of the Lower Peninsula, have scarcely been touched. The quality of that kind of timber in the forests of Michigan is unrivaled; and it is safe to predict that but a few years will elapse before the product from this source will equal in value the present traffic in pine.

CHAPTER XXXVII.

EDUCATION IN MICHIGAN-THE COMMON SCHOOL SYSTEM -THE UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE-STATE NORMAL SCHOOL ALBION COLLEGE-ADRIAN COLLEGE-KALAMAZOO COLLEGE-HILLSDALE COLLEGE-OLIVET COLLEGE-STATE REFORM SCHOOL-STATE PUBLIC SCHOOL ASYLUM FOR THE DEAF, DUMB AND BLINDMICHIGAN FEMALE SEMINARY - DETROIT MEDICAL COLLEGE — DETROIT HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE-GOLDSMITH'S BRYANT & STRATTON BUSINESS UNIVERSITY-MAYHEW BUSINESS COLLEGE.

THE ordinance passed by Congress for the government of the Northwestern Territory, known as the Ordinance of 1787, provided that "Schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." In 1804 Congress passed an act providing for the sale of lands in the Indian Territory, of which Michigan was a part, and in that act there was an express reservation from sale of Section 16 in every township, "for the support of schools." The year following the Territory of Michigan was organized, and all the rights and privileges which were conferred by the above named acts were confirmed to the Territory of Michigan. Subsequently a provision was incorporated in the State constitution declaring that the proceeds of these lands shall "remain a perpetual fund for that object." The ordinance admitting Michigan into the Union declared that section 16 of each township should be granted to the State for the use of schools. The wisdom of this provision can be readily understood when it is known that much difficulty arose in other States from the inequality of the grant in different townships. This inequality was owing to the fact that in some townships the section would be found to be utterly worthless. This led to serious difficulties, and Congress or the Legislature was constantly besieged by these townships to come to their relief. Learning wisdom from the experience of other States, Michigan submitted

an ordinance granting the lands to the State at large; thus equalizing the grant among the several townships, and obviating the difficulty experienced by other States who had attempted to carry out the original design of Congress by giving each township

J. H. GOLDSMITH, President of Goldsmith's Bryant and Stratton Business College, Detroit, was born in the town of Newburg, Orange county, New York, in 1813.

At the age of twenty-four, he went to Ohio, taking up his residence in Deavertown, which was at that time a young but flourishing town. Mr. Goldsmith first secured a position as book-keeper with a merchant in that place; but without taxing the reader with the details of his industry, or by following him step by step in the hours of his hope and struggle, it is sufficient to state that in six years after his arrival in Deavertown he was

separate control of the section granted. Under the arrangement adopted in the case of Michigan, the loss occasioned by worthless sections fell upon the State at large, and the benefits accrued to all alike, each sharing, in common with the rest, the benefits of the common school fund.

The first law passed by the Territorial Legislature in reference to schools was in 1827. This law provided that the citizens of any township having fifty householders should provide themselves with a school teacher, of good moral character, to teach the children to read and write. Any township having two hundred householders was required to provide themselves with a teacher who was capable of teaching Latin, French and English. A penalty of $50 to $100 was provided for neglect to comply with the provisions of the law. In 1833 another law was passed creating the office of superintendent of common schools. It also provided for three commissioners and ten inspectors, who were to have charge of the school lands.

Upon the admission of the State into the Union, in 1837, the first State Legislature passed a primary school law, similar, in almost every respect, to the law of the State of New York. It provided for the division of the State into school districts, having a sufficient number of inhabitants to support a teacher. grades of pupils were admitted to these schools. When the pop

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elected to the office of Mayor of that place. Having served the people in a most satisfactory manner during the first term, he was designated by the popular voice to fill the same position a second term. He remained in Deavertown until 1849, and during his residence in that place occupied many offices of public trust in the municipal government, besides making considerable advancement in mercantile pursuits.

In 1849, he accepted the position of teacher in the business college of Mr. John Gundry, at Cincinnati, and since that date his life has been uninterruptedly devoted to the interesting theme of actual business practice, and with what results will be seen anon.

After several years in this college at Cincinnati, which gave him no small reputation as a professor of commercial ethics and business discipline, Mr. Goldsmith went to Sandusky, Ohio, and opened the Commercial Institute in connection with the School of Design in that place. Subsequently he was induced by Messrs. Bryant & Stratton to accept a