the opinion with care and with caution; To all those who knew any thing of and the result was a perfect conviction General Pichegru's mind and manners of its necessity. The Duke d'Enghien to all those who have been accuswas accessary to the confederacy: and tomed to weigh probabilities, and to although the resident of a neutral terri- reason on evidence, it will be evident tory, the urgency of the case, in which that this particular must be false. Pimy safety and the public tranquillity, chegru was, by character and habit, to use no stronger expression, were in- sedate-he could never have been the volved, JUSTIFIED THE PROCEEDING. I buffoon of the seamen-he could never accordingly ordered him to be seized have betrayed his name to the gossipand tried: He was found guilty, and ing merriment of a ship's crew, who sentenced to be shot. The sentence would have repeated it on their return was immediately executed; and the to England, where it would have soon same fate would have followed had it found its way into the newspapers, and been Louis the Eighteenth. For I again through them into France. No-Bodeclare, that I found it necessary to roll naparte knew mankind too well, and the thunder back on the metropolis of he was well aware that the only one of England, as from thence, with the the crew who was worth interrogating Count d'Artois at their head, did the assassins assail me."-pp. 144-149.

'Now we have here, from this most interested witness, some admissions which, so far from exculpating him, increase the presumption against him.

'Let it be recollected that the charge relative to Captain Wright was not that Bonaparte had wantonly murdered him, but that he had first caused him to be tortured, in order to obtain the clue of the conspiracy, and afterwards to be murdered to prevent this atrocity from being discovered.

was Captain Wright. The conclusion then to be drawn from all this is inevitable, that the Captain, to be made of use, must be forced to speak. It would be too much to assert positively that Captain Wright would have resisted all the extremities of torture. We must not reckon so confidently on the firmness of human nature; but at least the generous character of that gallant officer induces us to think him as capable as any other man of a noble resistance :yet, to prove how uncertain are all deductions of this kind, Bonaparte after'From Bonaparte's own account, it wards tells us that he found Pichegru is evident how great his anxiety was to was in France, not by one of the crew, trace this plot. His police, he says, but by a surgeon to whom he was miwere in an ignorant perplexity-his life raculously directed, and from whom, was supposed to be in imminent dan- because he was avaricious, he contrives ger-seventy conspirators were at Pa- to obtain a confession, not by money, ris, but neither their names, persons, but by terror! The contradictory nor haunts can be discovered: fortu- statements prove, at least one thingnately in this moment of perplexity, that Bonaparte was not telling truth, Captain Wright is taken the intelli- and that there was some part of the gence is instantly transmitted to Paris transaction which he chose to involve -instructions immediately returned to in obscurity. We have seen his anxiinterrogate the crew separately, i. e. ety for information, the vast importance secretly, and by the police. These ex- he attached to the capture of Captain aminations, however, produced nothing Wright, and the necessity in which he at first; but at length one of the crew was to obtain his evidence : let us now threw some light on the subject; he see whether there is reason to suppose stated that the brig had landed several he was a man to be deterred from enFrenchmen on the coast, and, among deavouring to obtain this evidence by others, a merry fellow called Pichegru. torture.

'In the first place, he does not deny the confession of Bonaparte himself; a that, contrary to the laws of nations, confession accompanied with explanahe subjected the English crew to secret tions which take little or nothing from interrogatories before the Police-this the guilt of the wretch who proposed is the first step towards torture. In the the one, and executed the other of these second place, it is admitted that Cap- atrocities. tain Wright was placed in solitary con- "On raising the siege of St. Jean finement in a state prison-this is the d'Acre, the army retired upon Jaffa. next-nay, it is of itself a species of It had become a matter of urgent netorture. Thirdly, he confesses that he cessity. The occupation of this town employed the direct and overwhelming for any length of time was totally imterror of immediate death upon the practicable, from the force that Jezza mind of the surgeon. And, finally, he Pacha was enabled to bring forward. avows and boasts, that—for the purpose The sick and wounded were numerous; of defeating the very plot in which and their removal was my first consideCaptain Wright was implicated-he ration. Carriages the most convenient seized a prince, no subject of his, in a that could be formed were approneutral territory, hurried him from his priated to the purpose. Some of them bed before a military midnight tribunal, were sent by water to Damietta, and and thence to a sudden and ignominious the rest were accommodated, in the death-Nay, says this monster, "the best possible manner, to accompany same fate should have followed had it their comrades in their march across been Louis XVIII." And he justifies the Desert. Seven men, however, octhis atrocious violence "because he found it necessary to roll the thunder back on the metropolis of England." This excuse, it is evident, would be as good for torturing Captain Wright, as for the seizure and murder of the Duke d'Enghien.

For our own parts we had never much doubt that Captain Wright had been tortured and subsequently murdered; now-if we are to believe that Mr. Warden gives an accurate report of Bonaparte's explanation—we can have none at all.

Our opinon of the natural atrocity of Bonaparte's mind is confirmed by the avowal which he makes to Mr. Warden, and what is of more importance, which he has made to others, in whose veracity we place more faith than in the Doctor's-that he suggested the poisoning of his own sick, and the massacre of the garrison of Jaffa. The charge of perpetrating these crimes (which was first made by Sir Robert Wilson, on what we have always thought very sufficient authority) had been vehemently denied by Bonaparte's admirers they are now set at rest by

cupied a quarantine hospital, who were
infected with the plague; whose report
was made me by the chief of the medi-
cal staff; (I think it was Degenette.)
He further added, that the disease had
gained such a stage of malignancy,
there was not the least probability of
their continuing alive beyond forty-
eight hours.

"I said, tell me what is to be done!
He hesitated for some time, and then
repeated, that these men, who were
the objects of my very painful solici-
tude,could not survive forty-eight hours.

I then suggested (what appeared to be his opinion, though he might not choose to declare it, but wait with the trembling hope to receive it from me) the propriety, because I felt it would be humanity, of shortening the suffer ings of these scven men by administering Opium. Such a relief, I added, in a similar situation, I should anxiously solicit for myself. But, rather contrary to my expectation, the proposition was opposed, and consequently abandoned.'"-p. 156-159.

It is thus put out of all doubt that, of this crime, as far as first suggesting,

1

and being anxious to execute it—which, dignation of the soldiers knew no
in fact, are the real constituents of a bounds: they were perfectly infuriated;
crime-Bonaparte is guilty. If the and with the most eager impatience,
men were not poisoned, or, as he and demanded to be led on to the storm.
the Doctor gently express it, if opium I did not hesitate, under such circum-
was not administered, it was no merit stances to command it. The attack
of his. With respect to Bonaparte's was dreadful; and the carnage ex-
cowardly insinuation that the mind of ceeded any action I had then witness-
the chief physician anticipated his de- ed. We carried the place, and it re-
termination, and waited, with trem- quired all my efforts and influence to
bling hope, for orders to poison his fel- restrain the fury of the enraged sol-
low creatures-it is clear, from his own diers. At length, I succeeded, and
account, that he suggested, that he night closed the sanguinary scene. At
pressed, that he insisted on this abo- the dawn of the following morning, a
mination, and that it was only prevent report was brought me, that five hun-
ed (IF it was prevented) by the cou- dred men chiefly Napolese, who had
rageous and humane resistance of the lately formed a part of the garrison of
medical staff of the army.
El Arish, and to whom I had a few

The massacre of part of the garri- days before given liberty, on condition son of Jaffa is thus related:

that they should return to their homes, "At the period in question General were actually found and recognized Desaix was left in Upper Egypt; and amongst the prisoners. On this fact Kleber in the vicinity of Damietta. being indubitably ascertained, I orderI left Cairo, and traversed the Arabian ed the five hundred men to be drawn desert in order to unite my force with out and instantly shot."-p. 161-163. that of the latter at El Arish. The Here again we have two or three town was attacked, and a capitulation remarks to make on the palliative cirsucceeded. Many of the prisoners cumstances adduced by Bonaparte. were found on examination, to be na- We will say nothing of the perfidy of tives of the mountains, and inhabitants the war which he was himself waging; of Mount Tabor, but chiefly from Na- -we will not attempt to show that the zareth. They were immediately re- poor peasants of Mount Tabor might leased, on their engaging to return be supposed to be ignorant of the etiquietly to their homes, children, and quette of European capitulations and wives at the same time, they were paroles;-we shall not insist on the recommended to acquaint their coun- impossibility of the French recognizing trymen the Napolese, that the French the men found in Jaffa as the very inwere no longer their enemies, unless dividuals who capitulated in El Arish; they were found in arms assisting the we shall not state, as Sir Robert WilPacha. When this ceremony was con- son states, the massacre to have been cluded, the army proceeded on its of more than as many thousands as march towards Jaffa. That city, on Bonaparte confesses hundreds-we the first view of it, bore a formidable shall not urge against Bonaparte that appearance, and the garrison was con- he actually obliged officers to serve siderable. It was summoned to sur- against us who had been released from render : when the officer, who bore my England, on parole, not to serve: we dag of truce, no sooner passed the city shall give up all these topics, and only wall than his head was inhumanly insist upon the plain facts of the case struck off, instantly fixed upon a pole, which prove this transaction to be one and insultingly exposed to the view of of the foulest and most inexcusable the French army. At the sight of this massacres that was ever perpetrated. horrid and unexpected object, the in

These poor people were taken at

A

from it, or if they had been found in it after a lapse of time which ought to have carried them beyond it, some thing, though, God knows, but little, might be said in defence of Bonaparte; but as the fact is stated by himself, the bloody perfidy is clear, and the whole of Bonaparte's conduct is proved, by his own confession, to have been detestably and infamously base.

El Arish; their homes were Nazareth or if it had been besieged long enough and Mount Tabor; they were bound to allow the poor people to get away to return thither; from El Arish to Nazareth, the high road passes through Jaffa. Bonaparte describes himself as having lost no time in marching to Jaffa; he could not, therefore, be far behind the Nazarites; must, indeed, have arrived before the town almost as soon as they entered it: the place was summoned the assault is immediately given and Jaffa is taken; but in it, on their way home, were found the 'We have now done with the "Letgarrison of El Arish; and, because ters from St. Helena !"-We have felt they were found there-where Bona- it on this occasion necessary to enter parte must have known them to be, if into minute, and often, we fear, tedious they adhered to the capitulation-he details, because Mr. Warden's preordered 500 of his fellow-creatures to tences and falsehoods, if not detected be drawn out and instantly shot!-and on the spot and at the moment when this too the next morning after a car- the means of detection happen to be nage which exceeded all that this tiger at hand, might hereafter tend to dehad ever before witnessed. If.Jaffa ceive other writers, and poison the had been ever so little out of the way, sources of history.'

ART. 3. The Official Reports of the Canal Commissioners of the State of New York, and the Acts of the Legislature respecting Navigable Communications between the Great Western and Northern Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean; with perspicuous maps and profiles. Published at the request of the Board of Commissioners. T. & W. Mercein, New-York.

WE

opinions we respect on most questions, who avow themselves hostile to the whole plan of improvement in internal navigation by artificial communications. The opponents of this system endea vour to assimilate it to the mania for manufactures, which has so lately pervaded our country. So far, however, from any analogy existing between them, no two projects were ever more opposite.

E have read, with interest, these able documents on a most important subject; and have derived much information and satisfaction from the perusal. To facilitate the commercial intercourse between the different sections of this extensive empire, has long been a favourite object with her most enlightened statesmen. It was with extreme regret that we saw the very liberal appropriations of the last Congress, towards a fund for internal improvements, unexpectedly defeated by the veto of the President. The apprehension, to which silence might public attention has, however, been render us liable on another point, by roused by the discussion, and, from the distinctly declaring our belief that, on spirit generally evinced, we are inclin- the whole, the community are gainers ed to believe that, if there were real from the recent exertions to introduce grounds for Madison's scruples, the new branches of manufactures among constitutional obstacle to the measure can easily be removed.

There are, nevertheless, men, whose

But before we proceed to demonstrate this, let us guard against a mis

us; though experience has proved those efforts to have been, in many instances, premature, and individuals

have undoubtedly suffered from their mount it require, the whole sum will failure. Various useful works are still be expended within the state. Thus in successful operation, and the im- the greater the disbursement the greatportation of many articles of indispen- er the spring that will be given to busable necessity is entirely supersed- siness by it; and the reaction will, in ed. In finer fabrics, and inventions of a great degree, restore the momentum luxury, we care not how long it be which produced it. before we can enter into competition with foreigners. The state of society, which could alone enable us to do it with advantage, is, we hope, remote. The direct tendency of the scheme, of which we confess ourselves the advocates, is to remove it.

But it is the narrowness of our views that makes us consider this undertaking so vast. Let us familiarise ourselves a little with the works of this description which have been constructed in Europe, and we shall lose much of our awe in approaching the calculations of the The only impediment to the prose- commissioners. We will say nothing cution of manufactures in this coun- of the immense canals of France, nor try, is the high price of labour. The of the stupendous inland navigation prime cause of this enhancement of of Russia,-in Great Britain alone labour is the cheapness of land. This there are more than two hundred of arises from the immense disproportion between the quantity of arable land in the country, and the number of hands to till it ;-whatever, then, brings more land into market has the effect of raising wages. Turnpikes and canals which facilitate intercourse, and, as it were, abridge distances, ac complish the one, and must produce the other. The surest way, then, to retard the introduction of manufactures, is by holding out more alluring prospects to agriculture, by opening new avenues to enterprise, and new vents to the products of industry; and the surest way of effecting these desirable objects is by encouraging turnpikes and canals ;-which is what we proposed to show.

these artificial rivers, completed and in use; and nearly a hundred more in progress, or projected. They are from 5 to 100 miles in length, and have cost from 30,000 to 10,000,000 of dollars. Most of them have proved profitable concerns, and the stock of many has appreciated more than 100 per cent. As an evidence of the spirit in which these enterprises have been carried on, in England, and of the manner in which those who have embarked in them have been rewarded, a brief account of one of the earliest experiments of this kind may not be uninteresting, and will serve to calm some of our apprehensions. We copy the following from Ree's Cyclopedia.

'Bridgwater's Canal.-The general direction of the principal line of this canal is nearly N. E. (and not a great way from its eastern end, a main branch goes off in a N. W. direction ;) the length is 40 miles in the counties of Chester and Lancaster. It begins in the tide-way; above which the whole of it is elevated 82 feet at low water, except about 600 yards, which the locks occupy to gain this ascent.

Another objection which is urged, and which is, particularly, insisted up on in reference to the projected plan for improving the inland navigation of this state, is its enormous expense. A sufficient answer to this might be found in the report of the committee of the legislature, who estimate the annual expense of transportation of commodities to and from Oneida and the counties west of it, at more than three The commencement of this canal times the annual interest of the cost is in the estuary of the Mersey river at of the contemplated canal. Nor ought Runcorn-gap, and one of its terminait to be forgotten, that whatever a- tions in the Rochdale canal at Castle