"The expression, however, receives a true value when, by the mere closing of the house-door, the family is able, to a certain extent, to cut itself off from all communication with the outward world, even in the midst of great cities. In English towns or villages, therefore, one always meets either with small detached houses, merely suited to one family, or apparently large buildings, extending to the length of half a street, sometimes adorned like palaces on the exterior, but separated by partition-walls internally, and thus divided into a great number of small high houses, for the most part three windows broad, within which, and on the various stories, the rooms are divided according to the wants or convenience of the family; in short, therefore, it may properly, be said that the English divide their edifices perpendicularly into houses, whilst we Germans divide them horizontally into floors. In England, every man is master of his hall, stairs, and chambers, whilst we are obliged to use the two first in common with others."*

The possession of an entire house is strongly desired by every Englishman. But on the continent the crowding of the middle and lower classes, who sleep in flats, is carried to a great excess, particularly in the capitals. The department of the Seine, for instance; in 1835, had, on an average, twenty-two persons to a house; whilst in densely populated London, in 1851, there were barely eight persons to a house.

In enumerating the houses, some definition of the term was required. "Flats" in Glasgow were returned as houses in every Census from 1801 to 1841; but in Edinburgh, the practice was to return the houses separated by party-walls, without any reference to the "flats" which they contained. In 1851, the question was carefully considered. The flat in Scotland is generally very different from the floor of an ordinary English house, and the holder enjoys all the advantages of the holder of a house, except the exclusive command of the entrance hall and stairs. Nevertheless, the definition adopted was "isolated dwellings, or dwellings separated by party walls." The subjoined table gives the number of houses in England, Scotland, Wales, and the Islands in the British Seas respectively, in 1851 :

It would appear by the preceding table that about 4 per cent. of the houses in Great Britain were unoccupied in 1851, and that to every 131 houses, inhabited or uninhabited, there was one in course of erection in that year.

ARRIVAL OF IRISH EMIGRANTS IN LIVERPOOL IN FIVE YEARS.

A return has been laid before the British Parliament of the number of Irish poor who have arrived in Liverpool during the last five years, distinguishing as far as pos sible emigrants and jobbers from passengers apparently paupers. A monthly return is given, but we shall give only the totals for the years, including jobbers with emigrants:

Emigrants.

From this it appears, that in the course of five years, no fewer than 1,241,412 Irish poor have come over to Liverpool, of whom 865,272 have apparently emigrated. We say apparently, for a note is added to the return stating that many who intend to emigrate, on coming to England find employment, and do not leave the country; while many others, whose object is at first to find employment, emigrate when they do not find it.

The King of Saxony's Journey through England and Scotland in the year 1844. By Dr. C. G. Carus. Translated by S. A. Davidson, Esq.

POPULATION OF MASSACHUSETTS AND TENNESSEE.

Mr. JOHN FORSYTH, sor of the late Secretary of State, and a well known writer and editor, has lately delivered a lecture in Mobile, before the Franklin Society. The subject is the "North and the South," and the facts and suggestions which it contains are well worthy of the notice of all Southern men. The following paragraph from the lecture will perhaps give a fair idea of the relative advantage of the two sections:

It must be admitted that the people of the North are in advance of those of the South in public spirit and enterprise, and in all those physical achievements to which associated labor and capital are essential. The South, on the other hand, claims equality, if not precedence, in the republic of morals and intellect, in freedom from crime, in freedom from pauperism, and from that most fearful of God's judgments on man, and the immediate fruit of pauperism and crime-insanity.

As an illustration, Mr. Forsyth gives the following table, taken from the last census returns:

Massachusetts, with 39,226 inhabitants less than Tennessee, has over

NATIVES OF OLD STATES RESIDING IN THE LAND STATES.

NATIVES OF THE OLD STATES RESIDING IN THE LAND STATES, AS PER CENSUS UNITED STATES FOR 1850, WITH THE NATIVES OF NEW YORK SPECIALLY THEREIN RESIDENT.

POPULATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL EXTENT OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE.

The Journal de la Statistique Universelle publishes the following table of the successive encroachments of Russia from the 14th century up to the year 1832. It is drawn up from communications by MM. Schmitzler, Maltebrun, General Bem, and other statisticians:

1725, at the accession of Catherine I. 1762, at the accession of Catherine II. 1796, at the death of Catherine II.. 1825, at the death of Alexander I. 1831, at the taking of Warsaw.....

That is to say that during the last two centuries, Russia has doubled her territory and during the last 100 years has tripled her population; her conquests during 60 years, are equal to all she possessed in Europe before that period; her conquests from Sweden are greater than what remains of that kingdom; she has taken from the Tartars an extent equal to that of Turkey in Europe, with Greece, Italy and Spain; her conquests from Turkey in Europe are more in extent than the kingdom of Prussia without the Rheni-h provinces; she has taken from Turkey in Asia an extent of territory equal to all the small states of Germany; from Persia equal to the whole of England (U. Kingdom); from Poland equal to the whole Austrian Empire. A division of the population gives

For the tribes of the Caucasus..

For the Cossacks, the Georgians, and the Khirgniz.

For the Turks, the Mongols, and the Tartars.

For the Ouralians, the Fiulanders, and the Swedes.

For the Muscovites (of the Greek Church)....

For the Poles, (Roman and Greek Church United).

Total.....

2,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

20,000.000

23,000,000

60,000,000

The population of ancient Poland counts for two-fifths of the total population over an eighth part of the territory, and the Muscovite population for one-third of the total number over the tenth of the territory in other words, even at the present time the Polish element is in a great majority as compared to all the others.

ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE OF PASSENGERS AT SAN FRANCISCO.

The San Francisco Price Current and Shipping List publishes a statement of the number of arrivals and departures by sea for the six months ending June, 1854, from which it appears that the number of males, females, and children departing, was as follows:

The number of passengers arriving during the same period was as follows:

Showing an excess of arrivals of the departures of seventeen thousand four hundred and fourteen.

STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE, &

THE GROWTH OF COTTON IN INDIA.

FROM REPORTS ADDRESSED TO THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF MANCHESTER, LIVERPOOL, BLACKBURN, AND GLASGOW, BY THE LATE ALEXANDER MACKAY, ESQ.

I am prepared for being met with the assertion that Indian cotton can be laid down in Liverpool at a cheaper rate than 4d. per pound. How far that may be the case with cotton produced in other parts of the country, I am not prepared to say; nor do I doubt that cotton from Guzerat has been frequently imported at a lower rate than that specified. But that entirely depends upon cotton being parted with on the Bombay Green at a sacrifice. If cotton is bought there at 75 rupees per candy, it may be laid down in Liverpool at 3d. per pound; but were such to continue its price for two or three consecutive years, cotton would soon disappear from the Bombay Green as an article of export. Guzerat cotton cannot at present be laid down in Liverpool at 3d. a pound, without entailing heavy losses upom some or all of those engaged in the trade antecedent to the shipper in Bombay. In such case, the losses which might at first be distributed, would soon be made to accumulate upon the cultivator, who would speedily sink under them, unless government came forward and shared them by granting him remissions. The losses of one year, when cotton sells at 75 rupees per candy, may be made up the next, when its price may be from 100 to 120 rupees. But unless, taking one year with another (in view of the outlays to which the cultivator is at present subjected.) its average price rose to upwards of 90 rupees, the production of cotton in Guzerat would speedily be annihilated.

In the eight years from 1834 to 1841 both inclusive, it only once dipped below 90, viz.:-in February and March, 1840, having been up as high as 185 in August, 1836, and at 210 in September, 1835. In 1842 it dropped to 90 in May, but throughout July and August ranged as high as 105. Throughout the whole of 1846 its average price was about 80. In 1847 it was 97. Next year was a year of depression, the price throughout March and part of April having been about 90, from which it rapidly fell in May to 80, and reached 65 by the close of the year. In 1849 in rose to 105. In 1850, for three months, it ranged about 145, and in 1841 it fell again to about 103. It will thus be seen that for the last eighteen years prices have, on the whole, been maintained at above 90; but with the terrible depressions of 1846 and 1848 still fresh in their remembrance, the shippers here are not without apprehension that the remunerating price, in view of the present cost of production, cannot, on the average of years, be maintained; and that consequently the cultivation of cotton, and with it the cotton trade, must decline. To meet so probable an emergency one obvious resource is, to lower the remunerating point at which cotton can be purchased here for export, by reducing the cost of production. Another is to enhance the price of India cotton in the Liverpool market by improving its quality. Unless something of the kind be done, Indian cotton must continue to struggle with its rival under great disadvantages, American cotton is produced and forwarded to market under every advantage which it can ever enjoy. India cotton must be put upon the same footing; it also must be cultivated under every possible advantage, ere it can be expected to engage in suocessful competition.

The struggle will be a more equal one when both articles are thus produced under every possible advantage; and there is all the more reason to get aid of every artificial drawback in its way, seeing that even then, in distance froin market, Indian cottop must still continue to labor under an insurmountable natural disadvantage. But the two can never approximate an equality of advantages so long as, in a variety of ways, the cost of producing one of them is subjected to an artificial enhancement, from which the other is exempt. Let us see, then, at what cost under a more liberal fiscal system, cotton might be produced in Guzerat, so as successfully to compete with American cotton at all times and at all prices. There are some, as already noticed, who think that before agriculture in Guzerat can attain its proper footing, the assessment must be lowered to twelve anas, or three-quarters of a rupee per beega. But let us suppose that it is reduced to a rupee-no very extravagant supposition, seeing that a repee is twenty per cent of the value of the cotton produce, and about twenty-five per cent of the general produce (cotton and grain,) of the beega—and also that such

a reduction would only be an extension of the principle on which government profeses to act in revising the assessment of the deccan. I have already shown the other outlays of the cultivator to amount to one rupee, ten anas per beega, but under a more improved system of husbandry these outlays might be reduced to one rupee four anas, or a rupee and a quarter per beega. That this is not too great a reduction to anticipate, will be seen from the fact that Mr. Landon, of Broach, has cultivated a beega at the cost of one rupee.

With the landed system of the province on a proper footing-that is to say with the beegotee system prevailing-a host of middlemen, in the shape of bhagdars, &c., would be got rid of, whose exactions now add materially to the cost of cultivation. Were the means of communicotion improved and the country properly opened up, the European would soon take the place of the Wakharia, and the native agent be entirely dispensed with. With proper presses, too, established in the country, and Europe ins to deal with, in whom confidence could be placed as regards the quality and condition of the cotton, the cost of repressing in Bombay might be entirely got rid of. With the cultivation of cotton and the trade in it once on this footing, its cost price to the cultivator and exporter respectively would be as follows:

or close upon 14d. per pound. Allowing him a profit of 20 per cent upon all his outlays, which is more than in the former case, this would bring the remunerating price to the cultivator up to 14 per lb. or 48 rupees, say 50 rupees, per candy-in other words, 20 rupees per bhar of kuppas. Supposing the Wakharia supplanted by the European, and allowing him 9 per cent, the same rate of profit as the Wakharia, his profit would be 44, or say 5 rupees, upon a candy. The native agent would be dispensed with; while there would be a fall in the item of insurance, on account of the fall in value of the article insured; together with a fall in the freight from Guzerat to Bombay, owing to the smaller size of the bales from superior pressing. The fall in the two items of freight and insurance would go far towards counterbalancing any small addition which might be made to the freight to Liverpool from the partial swelling of the bales on their way to Bombay. Taking all these charges, however, the same as before, we should have the cost price at Bombay made up as follows:

or about 13d. per pound, say 2d. per pound. If to this be added 3d. per pound, as before, d. for freight to Liverpool, and d. for insurance and charges in Liverpool, we have 2d. as the cost price of Guzerat cotton in Liverpool, instead of 4d. as before. Comparing this with the cost price of American cotton at Liverpool, we have a difference of thirty-five per cent in the relative prices of the two articles, that of the India cotton being a reduction to that extent on the price of American. Between their relative values, as before stated, there is generally a difference of twenty-five per cent, on account of their difference as regards quality. Here, then, we have a gain on the score of price of ten per cent on the difference on the score of quality. Under such circumstances the quality of Indian cotton would be much improved, and that, combined with moderate prices, would lead to an unprecedented increase of consump tion in England, and with so great a difference in price, compensating for the difference in quality. American " boweds" and " uplands" might, for most purposes of the manufacturer, find in Indian cotton a very formidable competitor, even in the market of Lowell itself.