(vi)

It is clearly differentiated also in scope from the standard treatises on International Law, for it deals exclusively with that part of the law which affects private persons, and aims rather at interesting the student than satisfying the lawyer.

Nevertheless, most of the substance of the Essay is derived from the standard English treatises of Westlake, Hall, Wheaton and Oppenheim. From among the vast number of foreign publicists I selected Nys and Despagnet as my chief guides to Continental theories of war, and I have found the "Droit International" of the one and the "Droit International Public" of the other very suggestive. For the case-law upon the subject I depended in the first instance largely upon Snow's Leading Cases in International Law and on Tudor's Leading Cases in Marine and Mercantile Law, but references are given generally to the original reports. I have made considerable use of American decisions, partly because the history of the United States has given special opportunities for the development of International Law, partly because the American Courts have from the beginning of the national life shown a whole-hearted acceptance of the Law of Nations.

Finally, it is my pleasant duty to thank my teacher and friend, Professor WESTLAKE, for the help he has given me in the publication of this Essay. He instilled my first interest in International Law, and, having shared the adjudication of the Yorke Prize with Lord Justice ROMER, he went over my manuscript with me, pointing out the errors which the Examiners had noticed, and making many helpful suggestions; and, lastly, he has done me the further kindness of reading parts of the book in proof.

LINCOLN'S INN,
April, 1907.

NORMAN BENTWICH.

CHAP.

CONTENTS.

I. Historical Introduction

II. The Sanction of the Law

III. Private Property on Land

IV. Compensation for War Losses

V. Commerce between Belligerents

VI. Conquest and Private Property

VII. War and Property on Sea

VIII. War and the Property of Neutrals (Historical)..

IX. War and Neutral Commerce at Sea

X. Proposed Changes in the Laws of War at Sea

APPENDIX I.—The Hague Peace Conference, 1907

APPENDIX II.-Enemy Character and Domicil..

INDEX

PAGE

1

16

26

41

47

62

79

97

108

132

141

142

149

LIST OF CHIEF WORKS CONSULTED.

Hall's International Law. 5th Edition.

Westlake's International Law. Vol. I., "Peace."

Westlake's Chapters on the Principles of International Law.

Report of the Royal Commission on Food Supply in Times of War, 1905.
Report of the Transvaal Concessions Commission, 1902.

Dr. Lawrence's Principles of International Law. 2nd Edition.
Dr. Lawrence's Studies in International Law.

Wheaton's International Law, edited by Atlay. 4th Edition.
Oppenheim's International Law. Vol. II.

Holland's Studies in International Law.
Holland's Laws and Customs of War on Land.
Sir H. Maine's Ancient Law.

Sir H. Maine's Lectures on International Law.
L. A. Atherley-Jones's War and Commerce.
Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis.

Vattel's Droit des Gens.

Nys' Droit International et Droit Politique.
Nys' Origines du Droit International.

Carver's Carriage by Sea.

Arnould's Marine Insurance.

Walker's History of International Law.

Dr. Baty's International Law in South Africa.

Smith and Sibley's International Law in the Russo-Japanese War.
Lawrence's War and Neutrality in the Far East.

Despagnet, Droit International Public.

Twiss, The Law of Nations.

NOTE.-The abbreviation L. Q. R. is used for the Law Quarterly

Review.

(ix)

TABLE OF CASES.

A.

Acteon, The, 2 Dods. 48

Albrecht v. Susman, 2 Ves. & B. 323

Antonia Johanna, The, Snow, pp. 336, 337; 1 Wheaton, 159

Att.-Gen. v. Sillem, L. R. 2 H. L. C. 431

Aubert v. Gray, 3 B. & S. 163

B.

PAGE

. 111

79

· 80

- 130

52

Bell v. Reid, 1 M. & S. 726

Benita Estanger, The, 176 U. S. Reports, 568
Bentzen v. Boyle, Snow, p. 331; 9 Cranch, 191

Bermuda, The, Snow, p. 813; 5 Wallace's Reports
Betsey, The, 2 Rob. 93

Betsy, The, 1 C. Rob. 92

Blackburne v. Thompson, 3 Campbell, 61

Boedes Lust, The, Snow, p. 249; 5 C. Rob. 245
Boussmaker, Ex parte, 13 Ves. jun. 71; Snow, p. 267
Brandon v. Curling, 4 East, 410

Cohen v. New York Life Insurance Society, 50 N. Y. 641
Columbia, The, 1 C. Rob. 154

Cook v. Sprigg, (1899) A. C. 572

Cornu v. Blackburne (1781), 2 Doug. 640; Snow, p. 310

D.

Danckebaar African, The, 1 Rob. 107

De Walsh v. Braune, 25 L. J. N. S. Ex. 343

Dorsey v. Kyle, Amer. Decisions, Vol. XCVI. p. 617
Dos Hermanos, The, 10 Wheaton, 510

Doss v. Secretary of State of India, L. R. 9 Eq. 509
Dreifontein Mines Co. v. Janson, (1902) A. C. 496

B.

E.

Egerton v. Brownlow, 4 H. L. C. 123

Esposito v. Bowden, 24 L. J. Q. B. 210; 4 E. & B. 763
Elector of Hesse Cassel, Case of, Snow, p. 381

F.

Fanny, The, 1 Dods. 448

Felicity, The, 2 Dods. 383

Ferdinand Moltke, The, Tudor, p. 1011; 1 C. Rob. 85
Franciska, The, Moore, 10 P. C. C. 37 ff.

Frau Howina, The, Calvo, 2761

Freundschaft, The, 4 Wheaton, 105

Friendship, The, 6 C. Rob. 420

Furtado v. Rogers (C. P. 1802), 3 Bos. & Pull. 191; Snow, 303

p.

G.

Gauntlet, The, 4 P. C. C. 184

General Armstrong, Snow, pp. 393-398

Griswold v. Waddington, Snow, p. 274 ff.; 15 Johnson, 57

Hardy, Le, Snow, p. 337

Harmony, The, Snow, p. 32; 2 C. Rob. 322

Hay v. South African Gold Recovery Co., (1904) A. C. 437

Helen, The, 1 Snow, p. 497; L. R. 1 Adm. 1

Hoare v. Allen, 2 Dallas, 102

Hobbs v. Henning, 17 C. B. 791; 34 L. J. C. P. 117
Hoop, The, 1 C. Rob. 196