also a board composed of various State officers for the management of school lands and funds.

Local school officers are county superintendents of public schools, elected by the people for 2 years, and district boards of 3 trustees, elected for 3 years. Districts having more than 150 youth of school age may, if a majority of voters so decide, elect boards of 6 trustees. Women 21 years old who are residents of the district and owners of property or having children to educate may vote in district meetings.

The public schools are free to all residents 5 to 21 years of age, and they must be taught at least 9 months of each year in districts having more than 200 pupils, 6 months in those having 75 to 200, and 3 months in those with less than 75. The funds for their support are derived from the income of a State common school fund consisting of money, stocks, bonds, &c.; of such percentage as may be granted by Congress on the sale of lands in the State; of moneys arising from the sale or leasing of school lands; of the proceeds of all lands granted to the State, unless for other purposes distinctly stated; and of the proceeds of escheats and forfeitures. In addition to the income of this fund there is for public schools a State school tax of not more than 13 mills on the dollar of taxable property, and taxes are voted by districts, which may not exceed 25 mills on the dollar. The income of the public schools is also augmented by various fines, licenses, &c. The State funds are apportioned by the State superintendent to the counties in proportion to school population, and by county superintendents to districts, three-fourths of the amount in proportion to the school population therein, the remaining one-fourth equally to the districts. Teachers must hold certificates of qualification and before receiving full pay must make monthly reports to the district director. The director reports annually to the county superintendent, the latter to the State superintendent, and he to the govThe system of education includes public high schools, teachers' institutes, a State normal school, a State university, and a reformatory for children. Instruction in all schools supported or aided by public funds must be non-sectarian.

ernor.

EXHIBIT.

Beatrice public schools.-Examination manuscript work from first to eighth grade. Columbus public schools.-Examination work from third grade.

Crab Orchard school.-Specimens of pen work.

Crete public schools. -History of Crete Public Schools, by E. Healy.

Deaf and Dumb Institute, Omaha, Nebr.-Crayon portrait, specimens of lace work, embroidery, sewing, and crocheting; specimens of mechanical and carpenter work. Fairbury public schools.-Specimens of manuscript work, principally sixth grade; specimens of map drawing by pupils.

Falls City public schools. Examination papers of high school, and grammar and primary schools.

Grand Island public schools.-Examination manuscript work by high school and intermediate grades; slate work by primary and second grades.

Hall County.-Manuscript work from Chapman, Wood River, and district schools of Hall County.

Hastings public schools. High school-Examination papers in geometry, history, civil government, algebra, physiology, and physical geography.

Grammar department-Examination papers in reading, penmanship, grammar, geography, orthography, arithmetic, and United States history.

Intermediate department—Examination papers in reading, writing, arithmetic, spelling, geography, and language; specimens of map drawing.

Humboldt public schools. Examination manuscript work from first to tenth grade. Institute for the Blind, Nebraska City.-Specimens of hand-work, consisting of crocheting, bead-work, knitting, and broom-making; manuscript work in spelling. Kearney public schools.― Manuscript from high school and intermediate grades. Nebraska City public schools.—Manuscript work from high school and intermediate grades, map drawing and mechanical drawing, condensed history of Nebraska City public schools.

Nebraska State Normal School.-Mounted zoological and botanical specimens and microscopic drawings; analysis of air in school building, with chemicals to test same; experiments by classes in physics; models of crystals; specimens of taxidermy; map drawings (outline from memory), map drawings (time limited), map drawings (time unlimited); manuscript work in language, in school economy, in history, and in rhetoric. Omaha public schools.-Miss Lucia A. Rogers, special teacher. Exhibition of written music by pupils.

Tenth Street Industrial School - Julia Daeman and Katie Homerwik, crocheting; Katie Coffey, Edith Stewart, Josie Zebodack, and Lulu Hunt, sewing; Mary Walker and Annie Kramer, hemstitched handkerchief by each.

Red Cloud public schools.-Examination work from high school and lower grades. Sacred Heart Academy, Omaha.-Course of study, and photograph of building. Saint Catherine's Academy, Omaha.-Specimens of drawing and painting. University of Nebraska, Lincoln.--Original demonstration in geometry by

Work

on "Critique of Designs," by Prof. L. E. Hicks. Work on botany, by Prof. C. E. Bessey. "Amerikas Skönliteratur," by H. Edgren. "Magic of the Middle Ages," by Victor Rydberg. "Nala Sagan," by "Schakuntala," by "Sanskrit Formlara," by H. Edgren. "Frithiof's Saga" (Teguer), from L. A. Sherman. Work on biology, by Arabell M. Kimball. "The Modern Genesis," from Fannie J. Ebright, Tecumseh.

West Point public schools.-Manuscript work of high school and grammar department. Yutan public schools.—Examination work in physiology.

Photographs of public school buildings.— Ashland, Alexandria, Belvidere, District No. 15 (Buffalo County), Beatrice, Crete (5), Chester, Davenport, Exeter, Fremont (5), Friend, Falls City, Fairbury, Genoa, Grand Island, Hastings, Hebron, Hubbell, Hall County, Kearney, McCook, Nebraska City (7), Norfolk, North Platte, Nemaha County, Osceola, Pawnee City, Red Cloud, Saint Paul, Shelton, Steele City, Sutton, Thayer County (10), Tecumseh, Wahoo, Wilber.

Miscellaneous. Photograph of Creighton College, Omaha. History of Steele City School, by Miss M. A. Melville. Seven drawings from life, by Thomas Rogers Kimball, Omaha. "Nebraska and the Northwest," from T. H. Brooks, Tecumseh. History and reports of county superintendents. Photograph of Normal School and Business College at Fremont, Nebr.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Concord.-Three bound volumes of examination papers from the high school, including English, mathematics, Latin, and Greek. Drawings, freehand and mechanical, from the grammar and intermediate grades. Portfolio of drawings from all the schools. Photographs of the school buildings. Specimens of work in direction and invention from the kindergarten.

Franklin.-Large bound volume containing photographs of school buildings (including both interior and exterior views). The course of study. Specimens of drawing, 'penmanship, and original compositions.

Manchester.-Three volumes of drawings from the primary, grammar, and high school departments. Portfolio of plans of school buildings. Framed pencil, ink, and crayon drawings. Portfolio of mechanical drawings. Framed photographs of public and school buildings. Chart of public school system.

Nashua. Framed photographs of school buildings. Thirty-four chemical preparations in glass by high school scholars. Frame on which to display them. Portsmouth.-Specimens of penmanship selected from the various grades.

61

NEW JERSEY.

PUBLIC SCHOOL EXHIBITS.

The following table is a summary of the amount and character of the work exhibited from the public schools of New Jersey:

The entire collection of regular work contributed by the public schools fills 16,192 blanks, and represents the work of fully 30,000 pupils. Out of the 3,687 teachers in the public schools, 3,450 furnished work. The work was bound into volumes, in the following proportions:

Atlantic County, 12; Bergen County, 20; Burlington County, 26; Camden County (incluing Camden, 4), 16; Cape May County, 6; Cumberland County (including Bridgeton, 3), 12; Essex County (including Newark, 10, Orange, 4), 32; Gloucester County, 9; Hudson County (including Hoboken, 8, Jersey City, 17), 36; Hunterdon County, 10; Mercer County (including Trenton, 8), 16; Middlesex County (including New Brunswick, 4), 11; Monmouth County, 23; Morris County, 16; Ocean County, 4; Passaic County (including Paterson, 13, Passaic, 5), 20; Salem County (including Salem, 3), 11; Somerset County, 7; Sullivan County (Millville), 1; Sussex County, 12; Union County (including Plainfield, 2, Rahway, 2, Elizabeth, 4), 21; Warren County (including Phillipsburg, 4), 14; State normal and model school, 4; private schools, 12.

INDIVIDUAL EXHIBITS.

State normal and model schools.--Number of specimens of pupils' work: Mathematics, 44; grammar, 7; composition, 8; spelling, 4; penmanship, 14; primary work, 9, miscellaneous drawing, 10; map drawing, 82; miscellaneous, 27. Total, 205.

State Normal School.-Work prepared by the pupils in the institution: Four herbaria of local plants; two books of drawings showing the different stages of growth of several plants from the seed; three books of plant description; one set of works in book-keeping; one book containing specimens in penmanship; one case of minerals, such as each pupil receives at graduation; one case of chemicals prepared by the pupils; one case of insects prepared by the class; one set of geometrical forms made by pupils.

State School for Deaf-Mutes. -16 specimens of work and a history of the institution. Farnum Preparatory School, Beverly.-68 specimens of pupils' work in miscellaneous branches, mathematics, grammar, drawings, and maps.

Academy of the Sacred Heart, Jersey City.-61 specimens in mathematics, grammar, composition, spelling, penmanship, drawing, map drawing, and primary branches.

Martha's Institute, Hoboken.-23 specimens of pupils' work in mathematics, grammar, composition, penmanship, drawing, primary and miscellaneous subjects.

The Newark Public High School.- 25 large mounted drawings, 15 unmounted drawings, 2 graphic scrap-books.

Public school, Summit.- 40 pieces of kindergarten work.

Paterson Public School No. 6. — 22 pieces of kindergarten work, 32 books of kindergarten drawings, 24 specimens of kindergarten sewing.

Paterson Public School No. 4.-1 set of geometrical solids of polished wood, 6 sets of wood ornaments fastened on card board, 2 maps sawed out of wood, 38 pieces of kindergarten work.

Carlstadt public school.-1 framed piece of kindergarten work, 15 pieces of kindergarten work in drawing, sewing, plaiting, etc.

V. L. Davey's School, district No. 36, Essex County.-11 pieces of philosophical apparatus, consisting of hydrostatic bellows, with rubber hose; Archimedes's screw; Barker's mill; pulleys; inertia apparatus; inclined plane; water-wheels; Ruhmkorff's coil; compound lever; endless screw; and acrobats of pith (work done by boys 14 to 17 years of age).

Institute of the Holy Angels, Hackensack.-Fifty specimens of pupils' work in mathematics, grammar, composition, spelling, penmanship, primary and miscellaneous branches. West Jersey Academy, Bridgeton.-Eighteen specimens of pupils' work in mathematics, composition, spelling, penmanship, and miscellaneous subjects.

Deptford School, Woodbury.-One hundred and twenty-one specimens of pupils' work in mathematics, grammar, drawing, and miscellaneous subjects.

Hasbrouck Institute, Jersey City. -One hundred and thirty-three specimens of pupils' work in mathematics, grammar, composition, spelling, penmanship, drawing, and miscellaneous subjects; also five large framed drawings from bas-relief casts.

C. A. Gross, teacher, Landisville, Atlantic County.-An herbarium containing 101 species of plants collected by himself in the sandy region near the Atlantic coast.

S. R. Morse, county superintendent for Atlantic County.-A collection of marine algæ, mounted and named, gathered by himself on the New Jersey coast.

J. M. Green, of Long Branch.-A large frame containing photographs of the public school buildings, and drawings executed by the pupils; also nine books of pupils' work, numbering 720 specimens in the various branches taught in the schools. This exhibit contained 650 photographs of school buildings, showing exterior and interior views.

OHIO.

LETTER OF TRANSMISSION.

DEAR SIR: The following catalogue of the education exhibit of Ohio at the World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition at New Orleans is submitted for your consideration.

The remarks here prefixed are deemed necessary to a clear understanding of the catalogue.

The several classes of school districts in Ohio are classified as follows:

City districts of the first class, applying to cities of ten thousand or more inhabitants; city districts of the second class, applying to cities of less than ten thousand inhabitants; village districts, applying to incorporated villages; township districts and special districts. The divisions of the territory of the township for separate schools are termed subdistricts.

The grades of the graded or union schools may be defined as follows: (1) Elementary or grammar schools, embracing eight school years. These schools are generally subdivided into primary and grammar grades-the first embracing the first four years; the second, the second four years. (2) High schools. These in the cities and large towns have a four-years' course of study; but in some of the smaller towns and villages the course is but a three-years' one. In the city high schools instruction in another language than English is almost universally given. In some of them instruction in two languages is given; in others in three languages, and in a few in four languages. These languages are Latin, Greek, German, and French. German or French is frequently taken as an elective for Latin. Greek is principally restricted to students expecting to take a college course. The study of grammar and geography usually begins, in the graded schools, with the third school year, in a short preliminary oral course, these subjects being entered upon systematically at the beginning of the fourth year. Reading, drawing, music, slate writing, and arithmetic begin with the first year, pen-writing with the second. According to the evidence furnished by the examination papers in the exhibit, English grammar and language-lessons differ little from each other.

Throughout this catalogue years in school and grades in school are used synonymously; that is, first grade means the same as first year, &c.

Under the head of papers in arithmetic are included work in the solution of problems, in both mental and written arithmetic, and answers to questions in rules and principles. United States history is generally taught in the highest grammar grade only.

A full statement setting forth the rules and conditions under which the work of pupils was done, and the relative portion selected for exhibition, accompanies each set of papers.

The photographs of school buildings marked in the catalogue thus *, were, through the kindness of Hon. John C. Keffer, secretary of the Ohio commission, transferred to