(3) To satisfy meter.

Poets sometimes change accent to meet the requirements of verse; e.g.

That thou, dead corse, again in com-plete steel.
As hardy as the Ne-mean lion's nerve. - Ibid.
Great Birnam wood to high Dun-sin-ane hill.

Till Birnam forest come to Dun-sinane. — Ibid.
The bride had consented,

(4) For dialect reading.

Shakespeare.

the gallant came late. — Scott. .

The broken English of a Frenchman, for example, would be accented somewhat as follows:

Ah, genteelmen, you come wis us. I show you beautiful, O, magnificent bust Christopher Colombo, splendid, grand, magnifi cent. . . beautiful bust, beautiful pedistal. . . . Discover America, discover America, O, ze devil. Mark Twain.

SECTION V. EXERCISES IN PRONUNCIATION

The student should consult a standard dictionary, mark the following words diacritically, and then pronounce them repeatedly with distinctness and accuracy :

Abject, acclimate, acumen, address, adept, aëronaut, afflatus, albumen, allopathy, alternately, amenable, amenity, anchovy, antarctic, area, asphalt, assets, athlete, aversion, awry, banquet, bestial, betroth, biography, blouse, bouquet, bravado, brigand, broom, burlesque, chasten, chastisement, clangor, clematis, clique, compeer, communist, cognomen, condolence, contumely, consummate, coterie, cyclamen, decadence, demolition, demoniacal, desperado, desuetude, deficit, disputant, divan, dolorous, donkey, dramatist, edile, equipoise, esplanade, exponent, explicable, exquisite, facet, fetish, fief, flageolet, fulsome, gaunt, granary, grimace, gratis, halibut, harass, hirsute, hypocrisy, homeopathic, ignoramus, implacable, indicatory, industry, indissoluble, indisputable, interesting, intrigue, integral, inquiries, inexplicable, jocund, juvenile,

lamentable, lithography, longevity, lyrist, lyceum, magazine, Malay, mediocre, mischievous, millionaire, misconstrue, misanthrope, monad, molecule, museum, mustache, naked, nasal, nectarine, nepotism, nescience, nuptial, obligatory, oligarchy, obsolete, occult, onerous, orotund, opponent, ordeal, overt, overseer, oxalic, organization, palmistry, parliament, pastel, paresis, pedagogue, pedagogy, pedagogical, persistent, peremptory, picturesque, quæstor, quay, quoit, quote, rapacious, recess, requiem, resource, research, revolution, ribald, rinse, romance, sagacious, salmon, sedative, seine, sinecure, spoliation, spontaneity, squalor, suffice, suit, swaths, syringe, telegraphy, thews, thither, thought, tonsilitis, treble, tremendous, tribune, truths, tune, tympanum, ubiquity, ultimatum, umpirage, ursuline, usurer, uxoricide, vagary, vapid, vehement, verbose, viceroy, virago, virulent, vituperative, voluminous, wherefore, with, woman, wroth, xylophone, youths, yolk, zither, Zouave.

CHAPTER IV

EMPHASIS

Emphasis is the special prominence given to words or phrases in relation to other parts of the sentence. It is to a clause or phrase what accent is to a word, and, when properly given, discloses the exact meaning intended. It teaches one discrimination and perspective, - to pass lightly over the unimportant and give weight to the important parts.

The significance of Emphasis is mental, emotive, or vital in response to the intellect, the feelings, or the physical activities. This special prominence given to ideas is reached through the elements of vocal expression and action, and responds sympathetically to the demands of the three natures of man. Accordingly we have named the kinds of Emphasis as follows: (1) Emphasis of Sense, (2) Emphasis of Emotion, and (3) Emphasis of Pulsation. When these divisions are classified as

to their relation to the threefold nature of man we have the

Emphasis of Sense is mental in nature and appeals to the intellect. It explains and intensifies the meaning of the passage without addressing the feelings. It is objective in character and shows the comparative strength of words in relation to the context.

Any word may become emphatic under certain conditions, but as a class, nouns, verbs, adjectives, and pronouns receive most emphasis; prepositions, conjunctions, and the article rarely receive emphasis.

Law of use:

When a word introduces or becomes an important part of a new idea it is emphatic.

This law implies that when ideas have been expressed, or presupposed, words reintroducing them, except for the purpose of emphasis, are subordinated. This subordination is accomplished by passing easily and quickly over parts already brought out or taken for granted.

Sentences illustrating :

Let me have a country, or at least the hope of a country, and that a free country. Webster.

This question is larger than a party question. It is an American question. It is a world question. - Beveridge.

At the proudest blood in Europe, the Spaniard, . . . at the most warlike blood in Europe, the French, at the pluckiest blood in Europe, the English. - Phillips.

...

The Divisions of Sense Emphasis are (1) Absolute, (2) Antithetic, (3) Cumulative, and (4) Distributive.

1. Absolute Emphasis occurs upon the keywords of the sentence. These are the thought words which designate or particularize new ideas. In writing a telegram one uses thought words and only such connectives as are absolutely necessary for clearness. If we pronounce aloud the underscored keywords of the following sentences, without uttering the connecting particles, we will have a good understanding of the meaning to be conveyed:

The King was confined in the palace of St. James, but the place selected for the scaffold was the street before the palace of Whitehall. Goldsmith.

Now, blue-eyed Saxon, proud of your race, go back with me to the commencement of the century and select what statesman you please. — Phillips.

2. In Antithetic Emphasis the new ideas are brought out by special weight on the terms contrasted. There are two divisions, (1) Expressed Antithesis, and (2) Implied Antithesis.

(1) In Expressed Antithesis all the terms of the contrast appear in the sentence. There may be one, two, three, and even four terms in each phrase or clause of the contrast. To illustrate :

Let us be sacrificers, but not butchers. — Shakespeare.

Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles? - Bible. Kings will be tyrants from policy, when subjects are rebels from principle. - Burke.

The wounds of a sincere friend are faithful; the kisses of a scheming foe are deceitful. — Anonymous.

(2) In Implied Antithesis only one part of the contrast is expressed; the opposing terms must be mentally supplied. This form of emphasis is extremely effective because of the stimulation given the hearer to supply the contrast. To illus

trate:

"Roosevelt favored the policy of reciprocity." The part to be supplied is did not oppose. If the emphasis had been placed on

the word reciprocity, the implied antithesis would have been not the policy of exclusiveness. If the word Roosevelt had been emphasized, the part implied would have been as did others.

"We all stand up against the spirit of Cæsar." The idea implied is not against his person.

"I should like to speak with the gentleman of the firm." This was addressed to one member of a firm of two lawyers. The implication is plain, that the man addressed was not a gentleman.

3. Cumulative Emphasis is employed to bring out a climax. When the members of a series or climax rise in gradation, each stronger than the preceding one, progressive energy should be applied until the climax is reached. When judiciously used this emphasis is very effective in argument and appeal. To illustrate :

There is Boston and Concord and Lexington and Bunker Hill, and there they will remain forever. Webster.

You blocks, you stones, you worse than senseless things. Shakespeare. Pluck down benches, pluck down forms, windows, anything. -Shakespeare.

4. In Distributive Emphasis the meaning is brought out by spreading the energy over an emphatic group of words. The other forms of Emphasis are generally confined to single words in the sentence; but occasionally two or more words of equal importance come together making an emphatic group, in which case the idea is enforced by placing the emphasis on all the words of this emphatic group. This is called Distributive Emphasis, and may be illustrated thus:

America has been a great world-power for years. — Jefferson.
Man dies and goes to his long home. — Anonymous.
Give him orders to hang all traitors. — Anonymous.
Here is the will, and under Cæsar's seal :

To every Roman citizen he gives,

To every several man, seventy-five drachmas. - Shakespeare.