them off, and burnt their towns. While thus meritoriously engaged, he was called to the seat of government to answer the charge of high treason. Colonel Sevier was seized at Jonesborough by order of Colonel Tipton, imprisoned and put in irons. He eventually was aided to escape. He was very popular with the mass of the people, in consequence of his services in the Revolution, and his conduct in many Indian fights. By a law of North Carolina he was made an outlaw, and his property confiscated. But his character and public services ultimately created a reaction in his favor; the law was repealed, and he was elected to the Senate of North Carolina, and brigadier-general over the territory.

INCIDENTS OF BORDER WARFARE, FROM THE TERMINATION OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION UNTIL THE TREATY OF GREENVILLE.

SOON after the Revolutionary war, treaties were made with the different tribes of Indians in the West and Southwest; and under the impression that these would be effectual in restraining them from hostilities, thousands were induced to emigrate to the "new countries." Hopes based upon such promises were doomed to disappointment. The Shawanese Indians, instigated by the British at Detroit, commenced sending marauding parties into Kentucky in less than two years after the war, and committed so many murders upon emigrants descending the Ohio in boats as to render its navigation extremely perilous.

From the close of the war until 1790, not less than fifteen hundred men, women and children had been killed or carried into captivity by the savages south of the Ohio.

The General Government, anxious to preserve peace, opposed measures of retaliation, and to settle amicably all difficulties, a treaty was made with the Shawanese at the mouth of the Miami, in January, 1786, Generals Richard, Butler and Clarke being the commissioners. No regard being paid to its stipulations, an expedition was organized in Kentucky in the ensuing fall to punish them. It was divided into two divisions. The division under General Clarke of one thousand men assembled at Louisville and marched to Vincennes. There they were delayed nine days in waiting for provisions, which had been sent in transports by water down the Ohio and up the Wabash. This delay, together with a mutiny among the troops, in which three hundred men deserted when within two days' march of the hostile villages, rendered the expedition abortive, and they returned without having seen an enemy, or struck a blow. The expedition under General Logan was more fortunate. He marched into what is now Logan county, Ohio, destroyed eight towns, together with their cornfields, and took seventy or eighty prisoners. This served but to exasperate the enemy to more active hostilities, to retaliate which three hundred

mounted Kentuckians, under Todd, Hinkston, and Kenton, in the succeeding year, crossed the Ohio, and marching up the Scioto about sixty miles, destroyed the Indian town of Chilicothe, on Paint Creek.

In the summer of 1788, the Indian incursions increased in frequency and audacity, and they did their utmost to arrest the settlements of the whites, which had now advanced across the Ohio into the vicinity of Marietta. While some hostile parties were lurking on the banks of the Ohio to attack, decoy or pursue the boats of the emigrant, others were incessantly roaming inland, ambuscading every neighborhood, and patiently watching in covert places to pick off unfortunate individuals who might come within their reach. The early settlers of Illinois also suffered from the depredations of the Kickapoo Indians, that country having its first American settlement founded in 1781, by Western Virginians, near the site of Bellefontaine, in Monroe county.

The artifices of the Indians to decoy the crews of the boats passing down the Ohio into their power were various. Sometimes a single Indian, disguised in the dress of some unfortunate white who had fallen into their hands, appeared on the shore making signals of distress and counterfeiting the motions of a wounded man-or, perhaps, as it was frequently the case, the unhappy white captive was forced by threats of horrible torture to act this part. The crews supposing the suppliants to be their countrymen who had escaped from the Indians, would turn their boats to the shore to take thein in, when suddenly on touching the bank, a fierce band of warriors would rush upon them from their ambuscade with terrific yells. Sometimes the savages crawled to the water's edge, wrapped in the skins of bears, and thus alluring the boatmen, who were ever ready to exchange the oar for the rifle, into their power. The situation of those who fell into the hands of the savages was truly pitiable. Some were subjected to most unnatural and slow tortures. Some were butchered in their beds in the darkness of night. Many scalps were shown clotted with gore! limbs were terribly mangled! women were ripped up! the heart and bowels still palpitating with life and smoking on the ground! The barbarians not satisfied with even this, were seen swilling their blood and imbibing a more courageous fury from the draught.

In January, 1789, two treaties were made by the Indians at Fort Harmar, at the mouth of the Muskingum, opposite Marietta, by Arthur St. Clair, Governor of the Northwestern Territory. The first was with the Five Nations, and the second with six of the northwestern tribes. It did not produce the favorable results anticipated. The northwestern tribes, in defiance of its stipulations, resumed the hatchet; and the General Government finding their pacific attempts frustrated, were obliged to have recourse to aggressive measures.

Harmar's Expedition.-In the autumn of 1790, about thirteen hundred troops, of whom less than one-fourth were regulars,

warrior: she was instantly tomahawked. Within a few days all the settlements on the Muskingum, except that at Marietta, were broken up.

On the 9th of the same month, Dunlap's station at Colerain, a few miles north of Cincinnati, was violently attacked by about four hundred Indians, under the notorious Simon Girty. The garrison, consisting of not one-tenth of their number, were United States troops, commanded by Captain Kingsbury. They displayed unusual gallantry, frequently exposing their persons above the pickets to insult and provoke their assailants. While the post was completely surrounded by the enemy, John Wallace volunteered to go to Cincinnati for aid. Late in the night he crossed the Big Miami in a canoe, on the bank of which the fort stood, and thence followed down it some miles; then, although in the dead of winter, he swam the river and directed his course for Cincinnati: but before he returned with aid, the Indians had left.

So constant were the Indians in their depredations around the settlements, that it was unsafe to venture into the woods unarmed; and even at Cincinnati, in sight of Fort Washington, the people "were obliged to attend church armed to repel an attack.

In May, seven hundred and fifty Kentuckians, under General Charles Scott, rendezvoused at the mouth of the Kentucky River, and crossing the Ohio on the twenty-third, marched northward with great rapidity. In about three weeks the expedition returned to Kentucky without the loss of a man, after having surprised and destroyed several towns on the Wabash and Eel Rivers, killed thirty-two of the enemy in skirmishes, and taken fifty-eight prisoners.

In the succeeding August, Colonel James Wilkinson left Fort Washington with five hundred and fifty mounted Kentucky volunteers, to complete the work which had been so successfully begun by General Scott against the Indians on the Wabash and its tributaries. The expedition was successful. Several towns were destroyed, the corn was cut up, and thirty-four prisoners taken.

St. Clair's Campaign. While these military movements were going on against the Wabash Indians, the war department was engaged in raising an army of three thousand men, ordered by Congress for an invasion of the country of the Northwestern Indians; the whole to be placed under the command of Governor St. Clair, as major-general. On the last of August, the troops which had rendezvoused at Fort Washington, to the number of two thousand, marched to Ludlow's station, five miles in advance, where they encamped until the 17th of September, awaiting reinforcements and supplies. Then, their number being augmented to twenty-three hundred men, they marched northwardly, stopping on their route to erect Forts Hamilton and Jefferson. At this last post three hundred militia deserted in a body. Upon this General St. Clair detached the 1st regiment, under Major Hamtramck, to bring them back.

Having made that arrangement, the army moved on and, on the 2d of November, came to a small branch of the Wabash, about one hundred miles north of Cincinnati, within two or three miles of what is now the Indiana State line. Here the troops were encamped in the following order: "upon a very commanding piece of ground, in two lines, having the above mentioned creek in front, the right wing composed of Butler, Clarke, and Patterson's battalions, commanded by Major General Butler, forming the first line; and the left wing consisting of Bedinger and Gaither's battalions and the second regiment, commanded by Col. Darke, formed the second line; with an interval of about seventy yards, which was all the ground allowed. The right flank was pretty well secured by the creek, a steep bank, and Faulkner's corps; some of the cavalry and their picket covered the left flank. The militia were thrown over the creek in advance about a quarter of a mile, and encamped in the same order." The next day the general had intended to throw up a slight work, the plan of which was concerted that evening with Major Ferguson, and to have moved on to attack the enemy as soon as the first regiment had come up. The wily enemy did not wait for this junction of the force opposed to them, but about half an hour before sunrise, on the 4th of November, and just after the men had been dismissed from parade, the attack began on the militia. This portion of the army soon gave way and rushed into camp through the battalions of Butler and Clarke, throwing them into considerable confusion, and followed by the Indians at their heels; the fire of the front line checked them, but almost immediately a very heavy attack began upon that line, and in a very few minutes it was extended to the second likewise. The great weight of it was directed against the center of each, where the artillery was placed, from which the men were repeatedly driven with great slaughter. General St. Clair, who, notwithstanding he was ill, was borne about everywhere in his litter into the thickest of the fire, giving his orders with the coolness and self-possession worthy of a better fortune; he directed Col. Darke to rouse the Indians from their covert with the bayonet, and. to turn their left flank. This was executed with great spirit; but although the enemy was driven three or four hundred yards, for want of numbers or cavalry, they soon returned and our troops were forced to give back in their turn. The savages had now got into the American camp by the left flank, having pursued back the troops that were posted there. Again several charges were made with effect; but in these efforts great carnage was suffered from the concealed enemy, and particularly by the officers. Every officer of the second regiment fell except three, and more than half the army was killed. Under this lamentable slaughter it became necessary to make another charge against the enemy, as if with a view to turn their right flank, but in fact to regain the road from which the army was intercepted. This object attained, the retreat began and soon degenerated into a "flight," a "precipitate one