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Central Pacific, has been completed from Sacramento northward as far as Chico, and it is expected will be in operation to Red Bluff, at the head of navigation on the Sacramento River during the present season. The Southern Pacific road has been completed from San Francisco to Gilroy, in the direction of San Diego. A railroad is projected from a point on San Pablo Bay, through Petaluma, and thence up the Russian River Valley to the northern coast lumber regions. The Sacramento Valley road, in process of construction, will connect Placerville with Sacramento. Other minor roads in different sections of the State, undergoing construction or already in operation, might be mentioned. The decennial census of 1870, it is believed, will exhibit a population in California of 600,000. There are about 60,000 Chinese in the State, 30,000 of whom are engaged in mining, or as operatives in factories and manufactures. The remainder are scattered over the State, engaged in the most menial labor about the cities and towns.

San Francisco, the great commercial center of the State and, indeed, of the whole Northern Pacific coast, without a rival from Valparaiso to Puget Sound, has a population of 150,000. In the value of foreign merchandise imported San Francisco ranks next to New York and Boston, surpassing Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New Orleans. The annual imports amount to about $60,000,000. The entire trade of the northern and southern coasts centers here, and here the great valleys of the interior pour in their agricultural and mining products. The annual exports of treasure, including the silver of Nevada, are $40,000,000, and of merchandise produced on the coast, $23,000,000. Among the exports of 1869 were the following values: Wheat, $8,734,348; flour, $2,058,919; wool, $2,370,165; quicksilver, $747,671; furs, $635,533; wine, $499,628; brandy, $209,610; copper ore, $117,133; salmon, $180,367.

The total number of vessels, of all classes, arriving annually is about 3,400, with a total measurement of 1,100,000 tons. There are 5,000 landholders in the city, and 29,000 depositors in savings banks.

The assessed value of real and personal property is $104,000,000, more than two-fifths of that of the entire State, of which it has about onefourth of the population.

Sacramento, the capital of the State, and the second city in size, has a population of about 25,000. It is situated on the Sacramento River, 130 miles north from San Francisco, at the junction with the American River. It is regularly planned, with wide streets and well-constructed brick buildings, and several important manufactures. The capitol building is one of the finest specimens of architecture in the Union. The city has many elegant suburban residences, with streets flanked by beautiful shade trees, and in this respect excels San Francisco, where the shade tree is almost unknown. This is the principal depot for supplying the agricultural and mining districts of the north and east. The several railroads centering here have materially increased the business of Sacramento during the last year.

Marysville, situated on Feather River, 75 miles north of Sacramento, with a population of 9,000, has considerable trade with the northern mines.

Stockton, on the San Joaquin, 125 miles northeast from San Francisco, with a population of about 8,000, is the principal depot for supplying the southern mines and the agricultural population of the adjacent valleys. It is the terminus of several railroads and is destined to remain one of the most important interior towns of the State.

The other principal agricultural towns are Los Angeles, Visalia, San José, Oakland, Vallejo, Napa, Petaluma, and Benicia, with a population

of from 1,000 to 5,000 each; and of the mining towns are Placerville, Sonora, Columbia, Nevada, Grass Valley, Downieville, Red Bluffs, Shasta, and Yreka, with a population of from 1,000 to 4,000 each.

It is difficult to exaggerate the commercial advantages of California, situated in a temperate climate midway between the northern snows and tropical heats, inviting to our shores the products of the arctic and torrid zones, confronted by the rich and populous empires of China and Japan, with over 400,000,000 of inhabitants, the commercial intercourse with which must swell into vast proportions. Occupying a position in the direct line of travel, by the nearest route, between Europe and the East Indies, California must command the trade of the Northern Pacific Ocean, and the cosmopolitan city of San Francisco must become the key to a great commerce, whose ramifications will penetrate every portion of the civilized world.

NEVADA.

which lies south of Oregon and Idaho, west of Utah and Arizona, is bounded on the west by California, extending south from the fortysecond parallel of north latitude through seven degrees, or 483 miles, and is at greatest expansion from east to west, on the twenty-ninth degree of north latitude, 423 miles. Nevada was placed under territorial government per act of March 2, 1861, and by act of May 5, 1866, its area was increased by 12,225 square miles on the south, that extent having been detached from Arizona, and with these limits was admitted into the Union as a State under the act of March 24, 1864, by proclamation of the President dated October 31, 1864. Nevada embraces an area of 112,090 square miles, or 71,737,741 acres, being the third State in the Union in point of size.

The area of the State is naturally divisible into agricultural, mineral, grazing, timber, mountain ranges, and water surface. The surveyor general has made an estimate, based upon comparison of surveyed sections of the State with those unsurveyed, so far as the unsurveyed sections have been fully explored, and places the area of meadow land bordering upon lakes, rivers, and mountain streams, and the better class of sage-brush lands in close proximity to water-courses, as suitable for the purposes of agriculture, at 27,514 square miles; a region equal in area to the States of New Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachusetts. The grazing lands are supposed to approximate 37,498 square miles, large areas of which might be made available for agricultural purposes with the aid of irrigation, being a surface about equal to the State of Kentucky, and for the most part clothed with a fine growth of nutritious bunch grass and wild sage.

Mineral deposits are found in greater or less quantities in all the mountain ranges, extending into every quarter of the State, while the area exclusively mineral in character is estimated to be not less than 8,806 square miles, a surface equal to the State of New Jersey.

The area of lands embracing alkali flats and sand plains now unproductive is believed to approximate 3,361 square miles.

Timber occurs almost exclusively on the mountain slopes, and the area covered by forest is now estimated at 642 square miles. The Sierras, which occupy a narrow belt along the western boundary adjoining California and attain an altitude of 7,000 to 13,000 feet above the level of the sea, are covered with forests of the several varieties of evergreens found on the Pacific slope, attaining gigantic proportions. In the whitepine region, in the eastern part of the State, timber is found of good size and in considerable quantities, consisting of white pine and white

fir. It also occurs in various sections in the interior, generally along the larger water-courses, where it consists of cottonwood, birch, willow, dwarf cedar, nut pine or piñon, and a few other varieties, all of small growth and soft texture, but valuable for fuel.

The whole area covered by water approximates at 441 square miles, and the swamp or wet surface is estimated at 74,480 acres, which may be reclaimed and made productive. The mountain system extends in meridional lines from Humboldt River to the Colorado on the south, and from the Humboldt northward to the Owyhee, being generally rocky and sparsely covered with vegetation. One of the most remarkable features in the physical geography of this State is the uniformity with which mountain and valley succeed each other throughout the whole extent of the State, imparting picturesque grandeur to the landscape. The principal river in Nevada is the Humboldt, which, rising in the northeastern part of Lander County, flows by a general westerly course of 250 miles, receiving from the north the Little Humboldt; thence it courses southwest 50 miles through Humboldt County into Humboldt Lake, situated on the line between the counties of Humboldt and Churchill. East Walker River rises in the Sierras, courses easterly, thence northerly, till it unites with the West Branch. The Main Walker is formed by the junction of these branches 35 miles southeast of Carson City, emptying, after a course of 45 miles, into Walker Lake. Lake Tahoe, situated on the line between California and Nevada, in the Sierra Nevadas, 6,000 feet above the level of the sea, has an outlet through Truckee River, which flows northeast, into Pyramid Lake, in Washoe County, watering in its course a portion of Placer County, California, and the counties of Storey and Washoe, in Nevada. Carson River, likewise, has its source in the Sierra Nevada, south of Lake Tahoe, and in its general course runs northeasterly to Carson Lake, in Churchill County, receiving several tributaries and watering portions of Douglas, Ormsby, Lyon, and Storey Counties. The water-power of this river is estimated at 1,000 tons daily. Besides these streams are King's and Quin's Rivers in the north, Reese River in the interior, and Muddy and Franklin Rivers in the southern part of the State, each collecting the water from a considerable area of country. These streams are shallow and unnavigable, flowing through broad valleys, often with swift currents and occasional small rapids. The water of the streams, as well as of the lakes, is generally pure, fresh, and palatable, abounding in mountain trout and other excellent varieties of fish. Some of the streams terminate in beautiful lakes, while others disappear from the surface of the earth in their course through the sand, loam, and loose subsoil, appearing again suddenly a few miles further on, while sometimes disappearing after a course of a hundred miles. This peculiarity also characterizes some of the streams of Arizona, New Mexico, and of the Great Basin in Utah.

Lake Tahoe is surrounded in part by abrupt mountains, whose peaks are capped with snow the greater portion of the year, while the slopes are covered with extensive forests of pine, spruce, and fir timber. The waters of this lake attain a depth of 1,500 feet.

Pyramid Lake, northeast of Lake Tahoe, is 33 miles long, having a width of 14 miles, and Walker Lake, nearly as large, southeast of Lake Tahoe, are represented as of great depth. Carson and Lower Carson and Humboldt Lakes, which lie in a line directly north of Walker Lake, are shallow, and united by small sloughs or streams. There are numerous smaller bodies of water in different sections of the State, among which are Preuss Lake, partly in Utah; Goshoot Lake in the northeast, east of

illimité, de liberté comme en Belgique; ils voulaient faire de la liberté comme on peut en faire en France. Avec cet esprit, je ne dirai pas de concession, mais de pratique, avec cet éloignement pour les énormités des théories et pour les impossibilités de la logique, avec une telle tendance de leur part; et, de l'autre côté, avec les concessions de principe si ouvertement proclamées par le cabinet; avec les dispositions tolérantes, bienveillantes, libérales, dont l'exposé des motifs est tout pénétré; il semblerait qu'on doit finir par ne pas se trouver si différents les uns des autres, et que, sur le terrain des choses possibles, des choses praticables, des résultats, le libéralisme des catholiques et le libéralisme du ministère doivent être assez proches, sinon pour se toucher, du moins pour se voir.

Heureusement telle n'était pas l'illusion de nos collaborateurs; car elle eût été déçue et de beaucoup! Heureusement ils n'avaient pas cru encore l'accommodement près de se faire; car le projet de loi aujourd'hui présenté n'est pas, il s'en faut bien, le terrain de l'accommodement.

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En effet (s'il nous est permis de rappeler ici les bases de leur travail), tout en évitant, comme nous le disions, l'absolutisme dans les théories, il était une règle qu'ils avaient toujours maintenue comme fondamentale en fait de liberté d'enseignement celle de la séparation entre l'enseignement et la surveillance. Ils n'avaient pas compris que l'éducation pût être libre si les juges des instituteurs et les juges des élèves étaient euxmêmes des instituteurs. Cela ne leur avait point semblé plus praticable que si, par cette raison que le Moniteur est l'Etat journaliste, on faisait le rédacteur en chef du Moniteur juge suprême des procès de la presse, ou si, parce que, dans les manufactures des Gobelins et de Sèvres, l'Etat devient industriel, on donnait aux directeurs de ces manufactures le droit de police et de jugement sur toute entreprise industrielle. Et en effet ce point est tellement capital qu'aux élections dernières il avait été le résumé de tous les griefs, le texte de tous les en

Along Walker River, around Walker Lake, and in Fish Lake Valley, timber is found in considerable quantities on the mountains, being principally piñon or nut pine. The chief value of this region consists in the rich deposits of gold, silver, copper, and lead found in nearly every mountain range. Douglas County, with an area of 576,000 acres, lies between Lake Tahoe and Esmeralda, aud contains a considerable area of arable land and extensive facilities for irrigation. Carson Valley is 25 miles in length, through which Carson River courses and with its affluents fertilizes a large area. This county is strictly an agricultural and grazing region. Ormsby County embraces an area of 98,000 acres, of which one-twelfth is available for agriculture, a fifth is covered with timber, the residue consists of sage brush plains and barren mountains. Wherever the land in this county could be properly irrigated abundant crops have been produced. Churchill County lies north of Esmeralda and embraces an area of 42,000 square miles. Its western part includes Carson and Lower Carson Lakes and Carson River, while its eastern part is traversed by the Shoshone, Silver, and Augusta Mountains. A portion of this region is one of the best stock ranges in the State, a branch of industry receiving considerable attention. This county contains some rich mineral deposits. Lyon County, west of Churchill, with an area of 480 square miles, is rough and mountainous, with a dry soil. The agricultural and grazing lands are mostly found in Carson and Walker River Valleys and around Dayton, the county seat. A very considerable area of the sage plains may by irrigation be made to produce fine crops of cereals and vegetables. The mountain slopes and foot-hills are covered, in part, with a heavy growth of piñon and cedar timber. A great many ledges of gold, silver, and copper have been here discovered, some of which have been worked successfully. Storey County lies north of Lyon and west of Churchill, having an area of 400 square miles. Virginia, the capital of the State, is here situated. This county embraces the Comstock Lode, a rich and most extensively developed mineral region. About one half the area, 1,620 square miles, of Washoe County has been surveyed. It is watered by Washoe and Pyramid Lakes, Truckee River, and Steamboat and Antelope Creeks. This county also is crossed by the Central Pacific Railroad from east to west on the north side of Truckee River.

The capacity of Nevada for grazing is attracting attention in all sections of the State, this branch of industry being there destined to be of great value. The foot-hills and mountain slopes are clothed with nutritious growth of bunch or buffalo grass, while white sage abounds in the valley. Sand-grass is found to cover large areas of the arid plains, and is exceedingly nutritious. It grows one foot in height, much resembling buckwheat. The white sage, while growing, is bitter and resinous, but upon being touched by the autumnal frost becomes sweet and tender, with the taste of barley. It is very nutritious, and sought after by stock in preference to hay. Extensive herds of horses, cattle, and sheep are fed by these native pastures on the mountain slopes and in the valleys all the year without artificial shelter. A drought has prevailed in some parts of an adjoining State during the present season, in consequence of which, it is estimated by the surveyor general, 100,000 head of sheep, 50,000 cattle, besides large droves of horses, have been driven into Nevada for pasture. The general surface of the State reaches an altitude of 4,000 feet above the level of the sea, and although the climate is varied, the mountain air is pure and somewhat rarified, but fresh and invigorating, the whole region being generally healthy. Febrile and epidemic diseases are scarcely known in the

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