were drowned-one in the Euxine, the other in || and pledges much stronger were given on the part the vast sea of ambition. of our opponents. It is not my intention here to The Government of the United States is now go into the defence of the Democratic party; it is virtually in abeyance. The pilot at the helm can- too true that in some instances they had laid themnot command the ship. Every thing is disar- selves open to censure; they had retained dishonranged, and no power exists to set it in order; est men in office-men opposed to them in princichaos is come again, and no one can point out a ple, or rather professing to belong to that party mode of escape, except through a direct and speedy who avow no principles-who, in some instances, return to the good old Democratic principles and ran away with the public treasure, and the people policy. The entire financial system is in almost had to suffer the loss. That matters little, howinextricable confusion. The Treasury is exhaust-ever, to the plundering the people have undergone, ed, and those in power cannot agree on any mode within the last few months, under a change of ruby which it may be replenished. They cannot lers-and to which we have to peaceably submit, borrow money, having given away the only secu- as it is done according to law. rity they had to offer, and yet the Secretary of the Navy, the Secretary of War, and the Postmaster General, are strenuously recommending measures that will increase the public expenditures half a score of millions, and add that sum to the amount of the national bankruptcy. It may not be out of place, however, to remind our friends, and especially those who, from their high standing in society as men of correct morals and christian character, and who, on that account, possessed an influence, and which influence added strength to their arguments-that some few of their many promises and pledges have not been kept and fulfilled. Instead of increased prices to the farmer for the products of his farm, the prices are lower than they were in 1837 and '38; instead of the same to the mechanic for his work, there are many who are not only out of employment at present, but who have no prospects for the future; instead of constant employment, reasonable wages, and prompt pay to the laborer, they have little to do, and some have not been able to procure a day's work this winter. They have repealed the Independent Treasury, but can agree on no substitute. They denounced Treasury notes, and substituted a loan, and now they have resorted, in the extremity of abject distress, to the very expedient they have denounced. They have given away three or four millions a year, which they had no right to bestow, and they are at the same time pushing on with desperate celerity a system of measures which will impose a necessity for perpetually borrowing, or perpetually increasing taxation. They promised the country relief, and they have inflicted only additional Where, gentlemen Whigs, has your economy distress; they promised reform, and have done been exercised in retrenching the expenses of the only what will require to be reformed; they pro- Government, that they might be kept within the mised economy, and they have given millions, ordinary revenues? Was it by squandering $600,borrowed millions, and increased the public ex-000 of the people's money at an extra and useless penditures many millions more. In short, their inconsistencies and contradictions are so grossly absurd, that were it not for their injurious consequences to the prosperity and happiness of the people, they would excite nothing but laughter. Every thing is in confusion; nobody can anticipate the future action of the Government, as it bears on the various interests of the country; and consequently all the operations of commerce, all the business of human life, founded on the solid basis of existing things, is at a dead stand; or, as Mr. Cost Johnson wittily said of the Maryland Whigs, "as stiff and torpid as a barrel of frozen hard cider." Such is the final result of the Whig triumph; such the practical interpretation of Mr. Webster's prophetic ery of "CHANGE, CHANGE, CHANGE!"-Globe. session, and taxing the necessaries of life to pay the expense? Where is your holy horror of national debt? Was it in the passage of the law authorizing the $12,000,000 loan? Have you shown your purity in appointing men to office? and who honors the station of Collector of the port of New York? Have you shown your opposition to party violence by burning your President in effigy? Have you opposed all measures that would tend to build up distinctions among the people-in the passage of a law giving away $25,000, as a civil pension, when hundreds, who sacrificed their country's cause, are suffering in alms-houses for the necessaries of life? Was it economy, a return to the primitive usages of our country, to expend $3,000 in burying one who was recommended for the highest station in the world, merely on account of his eating corn off the Cob and drinking cider out of a gourd-when the sufferers of Valley-Forge have been carried to their lowly homes with indifference, and covered up by the cold hand of charity? The last Presidential Contest.-MR. EDITOR: In the last Presidential contest the opponents of the Democratic party, "the enemy of mankind," urged as a very strong reason why Mr. Van Buren should not receive the suffrages of a free peo- How strikingly have the promises given us been ple, that the party of which he was the leader, had fulfilled! We were to be protected against a standobtained power by deceiving the people with ing army, the sound of which struck terror in our promises and pledges of retrenchment and reform, hearts-from this, however, we have recovered by which they could never have intended to fulfil, the more startling proposition of dividing the Unand had never attempted to redeem," and also, ion. The odious treasury notes introduced by that "the same party had introduced abuses never Van Buren, are to be driven out of circulation by before known in the Government; had placed dis- the introduction of double the number of the same honest men in high and responsible offices, and kind. The country has been relieved by dividing retained them until they had run away with the the only permanent revenue she ever had-" the public treasure." These two charges were par- public domain," among the States, for the benefit ticularly urged, and the people were exhorted to of the stock-gamblers, speculators, &c., and mago for a change; and at the same time promisesking up the deficiency thus caused, by oppressing still more an already cheated and oppressed people. The boasted Bankrupt bill, which was so much required, has been framed so that those who require it most, the honest but oppressed debtor, cannot be benefitted by it. These are a few of your promises-and how well your practice has comported with them, I leave for an honest and injured people to answer.-Newburgh Telegraph. Modern Whig Retrenchment.-Almost every person must recollect the cry that was made during the election of 1840, against Mr. Van Buren's Administration. It was alleged that its expenditures were enormously extravagant and unnecessary. The Whigs, it was said, if put in power, would reduce these expenditures. They would bring every thing to a rigid accountability, and put every department of the Government into a prosperous condition. The country was to increase rapidly in wealth, money was to be plenty, wages high, and a state of affairs was to be introduced that would not fail to be satisfactory to the people. These were some of the numerous promises made. Now let us see how they have been fulfilled. Immediately after the Whigs came into power, an extra session of Congress was called to devise measures of "relief." Among the acts passed was a bill giving away the public lands, and rendering the Treasury empty, and another for borrowing money to replenish the Treasury. This with the defeated project of a National Bank, constituted the principal labors for which the people had to pay the round sum of nearly half a million of dollars. A sufficient time having elapsed to show the sincerity of the Whigs, and the virtue of their measures, if any virtue existed in them, Congress has again assembled. Reports have emanated from the different departments, showing the manner in which the Government has been administered under Whig management. We are now told by the Secretary of the Treasury, that the expenditures of the first year, instead of having been reduced as promised, have been increased. So far from being a prudent and economical administration, we have the most expensive and extravagant one that has ever been known in this country. To prove this, only a few facts from the Secretary's report are necessary: Expenditures, first year, Receipts, Excess, $32,025,070 70 31,497,412 80 $627,557 90 Here we have an excess of more than half a million of the receipts, carrying the Government that amount into debt. Let us contrast the expenditures of the year 1840 with those of 1839: Mr. Tyler's first year, Mr. Van Buren's first year, Excess, $32,025,070 70 27,852,475 45 $4,161,595 25 Here is a still greater excess, making in all nearly five millions. Is not this a singular beginning for a party that abused and stigmatized its opponents for extravagance? But this is not all: Est'd expenditures, second year, $32,791,101 18 Estimated receipts, 18,572,440 10 This is retrenchment with a vengeance. Fourteen millions over and above the receipts in the short space of one year, to carry on the operations of Government. At this rate we shall soon have a national debt of twenty-five or thirty millions, and nearly all contracted under the benign auspices of an administration pledged to retrenchment and reform. Can any Whig read these statements without regretting that he supported a party that has thus, according to its own showing, grossly violated the trusts confided to its care.-Onondaga Standard. Overthrow of the Federal Whigs.-No party in this country ever met with such a signal overthrow, as that which, within a few months, has befallen the lately triumphant Federal Whig party in this State and Union. Prominent among the causes which have lead to this result, we place the attempt to smuggle through Congress, against the known wishes of the people, and in direct violation of the solemn pledges of the Whig leaders, the thrice condemned United States Bank. Humiliating is the reflection that a majority of the people's representatives were so reckless of public opinion and the will of their constituents, as to be found aiding in this iniquitous scheme. Fortunately for the country, they had themselves unwittingly provided the antidote for their own poison. They had placed a man at the helm of Government, who, contrary to their expectations, had firmness enough to withstand all the powerful influences with which he was surrounded, and boldly oppose and finally defeat the plot which they supposed was so sagaciously concocted. The people have looked on, and noted the conduct of their representatives, and of their chief magistrate, in this matter-and in the State elections which have lately been held, we see their decision. The contest this fall, in this and in other States, has been between the people on the one hand, and a National Bank on the other. Let the Federalists disguise it as they will, this has been the true issue. The result has been such as might have been anticipated. The bank party is defeated, prostrate, annihilated. There is no probability that they will ever organize again, unless under some new name. The truth is, the rank and file of the late Whig party were not such fools as their leaders took them to be. Never was a faction so liberal in promises as were the leaders of the late Whig party before they came into power; and never was an administration so utterly wanting in the performance of their promises, as those same Whig leaders have since shown themselves. They declaimed so long and so vehemently on the extravagance of Mr. Van Buren, that a considerable portion of the people honestly supposed they had been robbed of their earnings and impoverished by their rulers. How have the Whig promises of retrenchment been fulfilled? The expenses of Government have been enormously increased. The shameless avowal has been made through their organs, that they had no intention of reducing the expenditures. The present has in fact been the most wasteful administration the nation has ever had. Instead of showing themselves to be the exclusive friends of the poor man, as they professed before the election, the Federalists have endea vored to raise the price of the necessaries of life, || render themselves into the hands of cliques and by taxing our sugar, tea, and coffee. Mr. Van Buren was accused of plunging the country in debt. When the Whigs came into power, they found the country free from a permanent debt. Their first care was to create a funded debt of twelve millions of dollars. Gen. Jackson and Mr. Van Buren were denounced for removing their opponents from office, and appointing their friends. What has been the course of the present administration in that respect? There have been more removals for opinion's sake during the last eight or nine months, than during the whole term of any former administration. Mr. Van Buren and his cabinet were accused of compromitting the national honor in negociating with foreign powers. Witness the truckling course of Mr. Webster in his correspondence with the British minister, and compare it with the manly and dignified stand taken by his predecessor. See also the State debts virtually assumed by the General Government, for the obvious purpose of silencing the clamors of British capitalists. The people have learned the difference between Whig professions and promises, and Whig fulfilment of them. They are beginning to open their eyes to the utter worthlessness of those who have deceived them in so many particulars, as is shown in the result of this fall's elections.-Lockport Democrat & Balance. A Device of the Enemy.-The State paper, as well as the Executive organ edited by the Adjutant General, seem to suppose that the State is to be managed by a central junto at Albany, with branches in each county, according to the system acted upon during the reign of whiggery. No such form of government can exist for a moment, under a truly Democratic administration. The very essence of the Democratic principle is violated, when offices are disposed of at the dictation and for the benefit of cliques, instead of giving effect to the wishes of the majority and bestowing. offices for the advantage of the great mass of the people. If the Democrats were not restrained by their principles from the error of their opponents on this point, they would be deterred by an apprehension of bringing down on themselves the same measure of indignation from political friends as well as opponents, which has been visited on the Federal junto at Albany, and largely contributed to the political revolution at the late election. It is only necessary that the members of the legislature should carry into effect those principles of justice and equal rights, on which the democratic party is based, to give general satisfaction and secure the approbation of all sections of the State. We have the fullest confidence that no cliques, either in Albany or any other county, can divert them from an honest and fearless discharge of their duty to the State in general and their constituents in particular. juntos to carry out their selfish schemes. The Federal junto in this city, which for three years has dictated appointments of every grade, are endeavoring to create an impression that a similar dictatorship has been or will be established by their opponents: but if there are any Republicans in the State who have heeded this weak de vice of the enemy, they may rest assured that the Democrats of Albany will not follow in the footsteps of Federalism, and that these representations are the mere coinage of the "pipe-layers."Albany Argus. The Disputed Territory.-The following is an extract from Governor Fairfield's late Message to the Legislature of Maine, which we conceive will be a good guide to the American. and British Governments in settling the North-eastern Boundary Question: "The course which, under this view, the General Government should pursue, to my mind, admits neither of doubt nor hesitancy. National honor, as well as justice to Maine, clearly indicates it-and that is to purge the soil of this State, effectually and without delay, of every vestige of British encroachment. And then, if there is to be further negociation upon the subject, let it be, on the part of Great Britain, to obtain what for more than a quarter of a century she has refused to yield. When a reasonable expectation can no longer be entertained, that the General Government will adopt this, or some other equally efficacious course, if Maine be true to herself, she will take possession of the whole territory, and if need be, use all the means which God and nature have placed in her hands to maintain it. The consideration of the whole subject is with you, who, I have no doubt, will prove yourselves faithful guardians of the honor and interests of the State." PROPOSED AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION OF NEW YORK. THE PEOPLE'S RESOLUTION. "Resolved, That the Constitution of the State be so amended that every law authorizing the borrowing of money, or the issuing of State Stocks, whereby a debt shall be created or increased on the credit of the State, shall specify the object for which the money shall be appropriated; and that every such law shall embrace no more than one such object, which shall be single and specifically stated; and that no such law shall take effect until it shall be distinctly submitted to the People at the next general election, and be approved by a majority of the votes cast for and against it at such election. That all money to be raised by the authority of such law be applied to the specific object stated in such law, and to no other purposes whatever, except the payment of the debt thereby created or increased. This provision shall not extend or apply to any law to raise money for the purpose of suppressing insurrection, repelling a hostile invasion, or defending the State The results of the late election were brought about by a spontaneous movement on the part of the great mass of the people. The representatives brought into power by this signal manifestation of the popular will, cannot disregard the wishes and feelings of their constituents and sur-in war." THE AND PRIVILEGES ARE ALL THE PELE ASK FOR. GUIDE. THE blessings of Government, like the dews of Heaven, should be dispensed alike on high and low, the rich and the JACKSON. The privilege of self-government is one which the people will never be permitted to enjoy unmolested. Power and wealth are continually stealing from the many to the few. WILLIAM LEGGETT. poor. No. VII. VOL. I. AN ANALYSIS MAY, 1842. intervening remarks which we consider too valu of 1782-3, with those of later days." "I never," says Mr. Jefferson, "heard General Washington or Dr. Franklin speak more than ten minutes at a time, nor to any but the main point which was to decide the question. They laid their shoulders to the great point, knowing that the little ones would follow of themselves. If the present Congress errs in too much talking, how can it be otherwise in a body to which the people send one hundred and fifty lawyers, whose business it is to question every thing and talk by the hour." Of the Political portion of Thomas Jefferson's able to omit. Works, (4 vols.) giving copious views, state-"Contrast between the Speakers in the Congresses ments, &c. of that late distinguished American Patriot and Statesman, in relation to a Republican form of Government, and the Equal Rights of the People, &c.; which shows the deceptions practised by the Modern Whigs, who call themselves "Jefferson Democrats."In our analysis of the writings of Mr. Jefferson we shall confine our remarks, chiefly, to those portions of them which are strictly of a political character. The literary and scientific matter, in which they abound, although deeply interesting to the enquirer into the laws of nature, does not come within the prescribed limits of the "Democratic We strongly recommend the perusal of the above Guide." We pass over it with the simple ex-extract to those members of our present Congress, pression of our astonishment and admiration at the untiring industry of the Sage of Monticello, and the rare versatility of a mind that could embrace within its influence, during an arduous and responsible political life, all that was interesting in the philosophy of letters and the arena of science. Having already presented to our readers, in the "Analysis of the Madison Papers," the substance of much of the matter contained in the first volume of Mr. Jefferson's writings; it is unnecessary here to repeat it. We therefore pass onward to his appointment as Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of France, in the year 1785-noting a few VOL. I. NO. VII.-MAY, 1842. 2 B whose whole time seems to be spent in talking much, but doing-nothing. Let them profit by the lessons of experience and wisdom!! Mr. Jefferson was decidedly opposed to the opening of a distribution land office under the protection of Congress: he says, and truly, that in dividing the lands among the States, we break the great bonds of a federal union-present opposing State interests, and so far destroy that unity which is indispensable to our national union-in addition to which, a fund is destroyed which ought to pay our national debt. "When the States get their portions," says Mr. Jefferson, "they will either fool them away, or make a job of it to serve viously to the Revolution, the nobles had greatly outnumbered the Tiers Etat, (third state,) or those chosen and elected by the people. One of the first questions agitated by the revolutionist party was, shall the "Tiers Etat" bear an equal proportion to the other orders in the parliament; having decided in the affirmative, the king was compelled to submit-although violently instigated by his queen and by his brother, the Count D'Artois, to oppose this first great step in the progress of liberty. Mr. Jefferson seems to think that Louis XVI. was sincere in his profession, and ascribes all the Revolution, to the intrigues of the Queen and nobles. Frequently called upon by the patriots to assist at their deliberations, Mr. Jefferson, although ardently uniting with them in their common aspi litical affairs of the kingdom-and by his firmness, integrity, and candor, passed onward without suspicion, during a contest remarkable for the System of Espionnage, (spy system,) which marked its progress, and the violations of individual right, by individuals." How opposite is this language to that master-piece of political Federal Whig sagacity-Mr. Clay's "Land distribution bill"-a bill, so far as its present action is concerned, to divide nothing; in the face of an empty treasury-we might almost add-of a National Bankruptcy.Yet, on this measure, a high Tariff, and a National Bank, Henry Clay has staked his chances of success for the ensuing Presidential contest. Should its repeal follow the recent Special Message of the President to Congress, the day-star of Harry of the West is set; nor can we imagine that Mr. Tyler has placed himself, in this event, in a situation || horrors which stained the annals of France at the much more enviable than that of the retired Western Senator. What confidence is to be placed in the administration of a President, who, in the midst of great national calamity—prostrate commerce, and ruined credit-signs a bill dividing away arations for freedom, refused to interfere in the pofund intended to meet such emergencies, and in a few months following, advises the repeal of the measure, as the only means of saving the country from ruin? Such is the consistency of Federal Whigism. This political prediction of Mr. Jefferson has which it was too often attended. been fulfilled with the truth of prophecy. close of the last war found us with a large debt, which, after being liquidated, left a surplus fund of no inconsiderable amount in the national treasury. A very considerable portion of this surplus revenue was divided among the different States, contrary to the advice of General Jackson, who advised that it should be appropriated to the placing our country in the best possible condition of defence. Where now is any evidence, founded on State prosperity, of the advantages arising from this distribution of the public money? It has, in the language of the venerable Jefferson, been made a job of to serve individuals. It has passed through the hands of political gamblers and jugglers, until its former existence has become almost problematical. The distribution bill to which we have alluded-like its relative, the present "land distribution bill," own one common parent-Henry Clay. Allied in their parentage, they will be so in their consequences-ruin, misery, and disgrace. "French Revolution-Queen of France." Mr. Jefferson was our accredited Minister to the Court of France during the period of the Revolution. The post was one of peculiar difficulty and delicacy. After enumerating the causes which led to the Revolution-high taxes-oppression of the laboring classes-excise laws-the haughty and tyrannical conduct of the nobles, &c.,-Mr. Jefferson narrates, in simple and perspicuous language, the progress of that remarkable era in French history. In the Parliament of Paris, pre "Mr. Jefferson's opinion of an Agriculturist." An industrious farmer occupies a more dignified place in the scale of beings, whether moral or political, than a lazy lounger, valuing himself on his family-too proud to work-subsisting on the surplus of other men's labor, which is the sacred fund of the helpless poor." Expenses of the Revolution-Paper and Specie A great and general object was to be attainedthree millions of people had united in a common cause; the issue was between the proud title of Freemen, or the brand of rebels; the United States formed one grand convention, the members of which included the merchant, the agriculturist, the laborer, the mechanic, and the citizen soldier; every heart offered its homage to the genius of Liberty, and every hand was raised to defend the approach to the sacred temple in which she administered her rites. At such a crisis, and animated by such sentiments, every expedient was resorted to that ingenuity could suggest, to supply a currency which should be adequate to meet the wants of the army and other expenses incident on the struggle. We have copied the table detailing the depreciation in the paper currency from the |