IV. It may be further remarked, that Iceland has a Latin school in Bessestad, which is connected with a theological seminary where a part of the clergy of the island are educated, while the rest, as well as those who design themselves for the legal and medical professions, proceed from schools in the island direct to the University in Copenhagen, where they are particularly favored in respect of public support. This establishment has a theological professor, and three other tutors.

Amongst the other institutions for acquiring a higher order of attainments in a line of study not strictly classical, we may mention,

1. The Polytechnic Institution, established 1829, with six professors and three tutors, where by means of instructions in mathematics, physics, chemistry, technology, &c. as well as by all kinds of practical exercises, an attempt is made to afford the people a comprehensive education in arts and industry, which may fit them to establish or superintend all kinds of manufactories.

2. The Academy for the Fine Arts in Copenhagen, instituted 1754, by king Frederick V. This operates as a society for the encouragement of arts; for instance, by a yearly exhibition of the works of members and others, which are judged of any worth, (as specimens of their respective arts, &c.) and likewise as a school for the arts.

In addition to six of the ordinary members of the academy, the establishment has four other professors, (in anatomy, perspective, mathematics, mythology and the history of the arts,) and besides, eleven tutors, particularly in drawing. Amongst the most celebrated of its pupils we may mention Juul, Abildsgaard, and THORVALDSEN, at present the first sculptor in Europe.

The academy has likewise by its drawing school, which is attended by about 500 pupils, contributed towards spreading amongst mechanics an improved taste, and an accuracy

in the finish of their works.

The resources of the academy are small, and its income consists chiefly of a sum paid yearly out of the state purse. It possesses a collection of antiques in plaster of Paris, as well as some paintings. The king has permitted it to be kept in one of his palaces.

3. "Real" Schools. Of these there are but few, and those private; the government has lately given orders for the establishment of two public ones.

4. For the education of officers, there are two military schools: the Land Cadet Academy, and the Sea Cadet Academy, from which the pupils pass directly into the army or navy as officers; and the Military High School, in which individuals from among the younger officers, who have distinguished themselves by their diligence and ability, acquire a higher cultivation with a view to their special destination, to serve hereafter on the general's staff.

REMARKS.

1 Hartkorn is a mode of measurement, in which the consideration of the quality of the land is combined with that of the quantity. According to this, all landed property in Denmark Proper is valued. The word hartkorn signifies clean or winnowed corn, the land being estimated according to the quantity of clean corn, which, in proportion to the quality of the land, it should have to pay in tax to the king.

As the University has such considerable funds, it has, in place of the University buildings, which were for the most part burnt down by the bombardment of 1807, erected a new one at its own expense, (about 180,000 Rbd.) which was formally opened in 1836, and is an ornament to the city.

3

It is without doubt something quite peculiar to the Copenhagen University, and at the same time characteristic of the feeling prevailing between the government and the students, that these not only in 1801 and 1807 as a special corps, carried arms in the defence of the metropolis, but also since that time continue as a corps, (the king's own select corps,) and yearly exercise themselves in arms.

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The academy got in the year 1827, a beautiful new

By "Real" Schools, are ment those which are designed for young men, who, without being specifically literary characters, should in general society stand on the same footing with these in respect of general esteem and information, only that this information shall be of a modern and European character, (i. e. modern languages, the natural sciences, &c.) It is requested that these may not be confounded with the ordinary schools for the people at large, of which there are so many that every child in the country that attends no higher establishment, receives in them the necessary instruction in religion, reading, writing, arithmetic, &c.

building, in which there are not only apartments for instruction and for public occasions, but also for the household establishment, where nearly all the pupils of the school, (which is not the case in any of the other schools of the country,) are likewise pensioners, lodged, supported, &c. The professors also have, nearly all of them, official apartments either in the academy itself, or in places appointed for that purpose, and houses belonging to the establishment.

The books referring to the foregoing subjects are:-" Nyerups Skildring af Danmarks ældre og nyere Tilstand," Description of the Ancient and Modern state of Denmark; "Thaarups det drnske Monarkies Statistik, &c." Statistics of the Danish Monarchy.

Nothing at all is here said of the Dutchies of Holstein, Lauenburg, and Sleswick, as the two first are parts of Germany which have only a common king with Denmark. The last, though Danish, yet in respect of language, cultivation, and educational establishments, more resembles Holstein.

ART. V.-HISTORY OF ETON COLLEGE.

THIS splendid establishment for the instruction of youth, is situate at Eton, in the hundred of Stoke, and deanery of Burnham, in the county of Buckingham, and is separated from Windsor, in Berkshire, by the river Thames.

Eton College was founded by King Henry the Sixth, in the year 1440, by the name of the Blessed Marie of Etone beside Wyndesore.

The charters of foundation were dated at Wyndesore, September 12, A. D. 1431; a second at Shene, October 21, in the same year; and a third, de donatione, March, 25, 1442, by which the royal Founder, for the sufficient maintenance of the college, and for the perpetual endowment of the same, granted and confirmed to the provost and college, divers donations, as in the said charter are particularly set forth and declared.

By the second charter, dated at Shene, are appointed one Provost, ten Priests or Fellows, four Clerks, six Choristers, one Master, and twentyfive Scholars. This establishment

underwent afterwards certain alterations, of which, in the proper place, due notice will be taken.

The college thus appointed and endowed, letters patent were granted for collecting workmen from divers parts to Eton; and the Founder issued his orders for erecting the college, whose first stone was laid in the foundation of the chapel on or about the 3d day of July, 1441. With what care he also provided for the due and effectual construction of the buildings, will appear from the language of the letters patent respecting the materials to be used in them."Laying aparte superfluity of too curious works of entayle and busie mouldings, I will that both mi sayde colleges be edified of the most substantial and best abyding stuffe, of stone, ledd, glass, and iron, that may goodlie be had and provided thereto; and that the walls of the sayde college of Eton, of the outer courte, and of the walls of the gardens about the precincte, be made of hard stone of Kent.'

About this time, it appears that the king extended his collegiate arrangements from twenty five to seventy Scholars, an Usher for the school, a Clerk for the parish, and two additional Choristers, with a reduction of the twentyfive Alms or Beadsmen to thirteen.

The several grants, made at sundry times by the king's letters patent to the college, were, for their better confirmation, passed into an act of Parliament at Westminster, May 4, A. D. 1444, being the twentysecond year of his reign. The letters patent subsequent to this period, granting further endowments to the college, with the gifts of certain benefactors, were afterwards condensed into another and similar act of Parliament, in the thirtyeighth year of his reign.

The statutes being completed, the Archbishop of Canterbury, on the 20th of July, 1446, acknowledged his acceptance of them, as well for himself as his successors. At the same time, the Bishop, Dean, and Chapter of Lincoln, declared similar acceptation. This formality arose from the spiritual power of these high ecclesiastical characters; the college being subject to them in their metropolitan and triennial visitations, as well as in the necessary and local exercise of their functions, whenever they might be called to employ them within the walls of the foundation.

About this time Henry made a final settlement of the college at Eton, and upon a more enlarged scale than he appears

first to have contemplated. He was now pleased to add ten Chaplains, five Clerks, and eight Choristers, forming a constituent body, consisting of ten Fellows, a Master of the school, ten Chaplains, an Usher of the school, ten Clerks, seventy Scholars, sixteen Choristers, and thirteen Alms or Beadsmen, whose particular duty it was to pray for the health and prosperity of the Founder; in all, one hundred and thirtytwo persons.

Certain changes have since taken place in the order of the college, terminating in the present establishment, which now consists of a Provost, seven Fellows, two Priests or Chaplains, eight Clerks, ten Choristers, two Masters, and seventy Scholars, with inferior officers and servants. The Assistants are merely attached to the school discipline and instruction, and are selected from the Fellows of King's College, at the discretion of the two Masters.

William Waynfleet was Schoolmaster of Winchester College when the king made his first visit; had been in that capacity about eleven years, and had executed the important trust with such diligence, ability, judgment, and success, that Henry, to give his new institution the greatest possible advantage, by obtaining such an excellent and improved instructor, removed him in the following year to the same honorable charge at Eton. He afterwards made him Provost ; and, by his royal recommendation and strenuous patronage, he was subsequently elevated to the see of Winchester, in which high situation he was enabled to become a beneficent imitator of his predecessor William of Wykeham, as well as of his patron sovereign, in his noble foundation of Magdalen College.

The Bishop of Winchester entertained a grateful sense of his original obligations to Eton College, even when he was engaged in the erection of his own. According to Leland, "a good part of the buildings of Eton College accrued by means and at the expense of Waynflete, for he was a very great favorer of the work begun by King Henry VI. but left very imperfect and rauly."

Eton College, however, found an oppressor in Edward IV. who, for some time, appeared to threaten it with annihilation. That monarch is related to have been unkindly disposed, not only to Waynflete and other attached friends of Henry VI. but is said to have looked with an evil and