1893.]

investments for railroads built not for a day, but for all time.

It requires no ghost from the grave to convince thinking men and women that the less people have in this world the less they want, and vice versa. Primitive

races are content with a taper, a blanket, a fire and a gun. Travel does not enter into their calculations. Farmers travel less and need travel more than any other class. Appetite grows upon what it feeds. People who have never seen pictures know not the difference between a chromo and a Raphael. People whose ears are unused to good music see no reason for any. People who take no periodical literature have no use for Shakespeare. People who have not acquired a taste for travel have no desire to wander from their own village. They grow up intolerant, narrow-minded; and ignorance is always dangerous.

It is the man who has gone round the world once who becomes the constitutional globe-trotter. It's the farmer that is induced by cheap fare to visit the Columbian Exposition who will hereafter more than repay the railroads by venturing again and again away from home. Make the first step easy for him, and he will be an unfailing source of revenue not only to railroads but to arts and industries before unknown to him. It will be great gain also both to him and to his descendants. -Kate Field.

SEEING THE WORLD'S FAIR.

THE first impulse of the World's Fair HE first impulse of the World's Fair Exposition at Philadelphia is to make comparisons; but the most patriotic of Pennsylvanians is obliged to admit that the art of exhibiting has made great strides since 1876. Aside from the beauty of the lagoons here, Fairmount Park had a large advantage in natural scenery, for the landscape here is perfectly flat, and there are few trees large enough to be worthy of the name; the Horticultural Hall, large as it is, with its immense pansy beds on either side, and the rose gardens on the wooded island in front, is still something of a disappointment to those who are familiar with our architectural gem of the same name in Fairmount Park, and the charming views from its balconies; but in other respects "White City" is by far the finer.

the

The Main Building and Machinery Hall at Philadelphia were monsters of ugliness when compared with the snowy palaces that here meet the eye on every hand, and one cannot help a feeling of regret that the beautiful columns, statues, paintings, and ornaments which are lavished on all the buildings in such profusion that one cannot even glance at them, are only temporary, and that this American Venice, after a few brief months, will disappear as if by magic, and only the memory of it remain. The Hall of Mechanic Arts, with its towers, the imposing statues on the top of the Agricultural Building, the countless columns. adorned with frogs, turtles, and lizards, which the Fisheries exhibit, the gilded dome surmounting the Administration Building, and the Transportation Building, with its oriental coloring and famous golden gate, all charm the eye of the beholder. In addition to these there are several other large structures erected by the authorities, buildings for special exhibits, restaurants, and foreign and State buildings of every style of architecture. There is just enough coloring to give variety, but the popular material is "staff," and the prevailing tone is creamy white or delicate gray.

The most beautiful spot on the grounds is the great basin, which reflects marble palaces on every side, and is separated from the mighty waters of Lake Michigan by a long "peristyle," whose statueadorned roof is supported by quadruple rows of columns; at one end Columbia rides in state in a sculptured barge propelled by eight Amazons, while at the other stands the colossal golden statue of the Goddess of the Republic. Floating in a boat on these waters, the Italy of our dreams seems a living reality; but when night comes and electric lights flash out all around the water's edge and from every cornice, tower, and dome of the surrounding buildings, then indeed it is Venice enchanted by the magic wand of the invisible fairy of the nineteenth century.

The weather during this first week of July has been simply perfect; even the clouds which scattered a few drops on the morning of our national holiday were an advantage, as otherwise the sun's rays would have been uncomfortably warm. The attendance has been large every day, but on the Fourth the crowd swelled to three times its usual dimen

sions. The workingmen were out in force with their wives, children, and babies, and, although there are many restaurants where wine and beer are served, there appeared to be no drunkenness or disorderly behavior. By ten o'clock in the morning the nurseries in the Children's Building, which had but few occupants the previous day, were filled to overflowing, and the attendants refused to check any more babies, and so the rest of the little ones were obliged to be a burden to themselves and their parents; but a quarter or half century hence they can tell their children how they attended the Columbian Exposition. As the shades of night drew on, the great crowd concentrated, and the living, surging mass that filled every available space between the buildings and the lake shore, was in itself more interesting than the grand display of fireworks which they had gathered to witness.

The Pennsylvania Building is a structure of which her citizens may feel justly proud; though less imposing than some of the other State buildings, the exterior is in excellent taste, and it is pleasant to recognize in its tower a fac-simile of that on Independence Hall. Within there is every comfort and luxury that we could ask for; a post office where one's letters may be sent; a free parcel room; large and beautiful parlors; a reading room containing the leading papers of the State, and a large writing room with abundance of stationery; then there is a wide porch on three sides filled with the most comfortable wicker arm-chairs and rockers. Moreover it contains the greatest single attraction on the grounds, the venerated old Liberty Bell. This reposes in state in the entrance hall, and there is a constant stream of tourists passing around it and gazing upon it with a sense of part ownership in its renown; among these are numbers of Germans and other adopted citizens of our republic, whose love for America and its institutions increases every time they pay homage to the flag of our Union, or to the relics that have played a prominent part in our national history.

There are several ways by which one may gain an adequate conception of the extent of the grounds; the least pleasurable of these is to start for some particular building and get lost, and try it over again only to find the desired haven on the other side of a large lagoon over which there is no short cut. A better

way, if one is a good walker, is to make the entire circuit of the grounds. As there are numerous pleasant resting places, this may be done without excessive fatigue, and one never tires of the beautiful exteriors of the many buildings, the varied landscape, with its throngs of people, and the broad expanse of Lake Michigan, while the extended views from the arched bridges are a frequently recurring delight. But the best way of all is to take a seat in an electric launch, when tired, and make the tour of the lagoons; the boat glides swiftly and smoothly, propelled by its noiseless, unseen motor, and yet it takes fifty minutes to get back to the starting place; there are gondolas with rowers for those who prefer them, but these belong to the sleepy air of Italy, and are not in keeping with the rush of American life, and so the launches are more popular with the restless pleasureseekers of the great Exposition.-Elizabeth Lloyd, in Friends' Intelligencer.

WORLD'S FAIRS.

HERE have been fourteen World's Fairs previous to this new open s in Chicago, which will be the fifteenth of the list, and which probably will not be surpassed within the next century. The first was held in London in the summer of 1851, under the immediate auspices of Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria. The second was held in Dublin from May to October, 1853. In many particulars it was a well-designed affair on a small scale, and its art collection far surpassed that in London in 1851. It was not a financial success, however, and those who got it up were heavy losers. During the same summer there was a world's fair in New York. It was the outcome of local and individual enterprise. It was not so large or well attended as that in London, but a very creditable exhibition. The stockholders, however, had to bear a loss of about $300,000. The first world's fair held in Paris was in 1855. In this the feature of fine arts was particularly noticeable. It the summer of 1854 a fair was opened in Munich, and the exhibit there made by the different European countries was very fine. was open only three months, owing to the appearance of cholera in Southern Europe. It had been planned to have another in London in 1861, ten years af

It

ter the first, but the death of Prince Albert occurred in that year, and the fair was postponed until 1862. This exhibition was larger than the previous one, but the space appropriated for it was by no means sufficient to take in all the exhibits offered. The world's fair in Paris in 1867 surpassed all previous exhibitions of the kind. It opened April 1 of that year, and closed Nov. 3. The next international exhibition was held in Vienna in 1873, under the auspices and direction of the government. The ninth exhibition of the kind was the great Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876. Congress sanctioned the formation of a Commission for this fair, but in most particulars it was the work of local enterprise. In 1878 Paris had another world's fair; in 1879 one was held in Sidney, New South Wales, and in 1880 one in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Boston held a foreign world's fair in 1883 on not a very large scale, and New Orleans had an exposition of the three Americas in 1884. Then came the great exposition in Paris in 1889, in which all the nations of Europe participated except Germany and Turkey; and finally we have in 1893 the crowning exhibition of all, that at present in Chicago.

THE STATES AT CHICAGO.

HESE State buildings tell their own story, and their architecture, their embellishment, their characteristic displays of products and historical features, and those who frequent them, all mark certain of them as plainly as do the architecture, displays, and flags mark the buildings of foreign nations. No one acquainted with even the outlines of American history can mistake the Pennsylvania building, reproducing as it does the outlines of old Independence Hall, and having for one of its chief exhibits the old Liberty Bell, which rang out the declaration of independence, and which attracts universal attention.

Florida's reproduction of the old Fort Marion and California's of the old missions are distinguished from the distance, and letters of fire could not make plainer the States they represent. Massachusetts in the house of John Hancock, and Virginia with the Mount Vernon mansion, New York with the mansion of the Van Rensselaers, and New Jersey with Wash

ington's headquarters at Morristown, are equally well marked by the outlines of the buildings.

The exhibits and the people in attendance are more or less characteristic of the States, and there is probably not a State building in Jackson Park, from that of Massachusetts with its historic collections to that of Washington with its great redwood logs and logging camp, that does not tell its own story and make the name unnecessary as a mark of distinction.

It was argued in the beginning that this would be so, and for that reason and to properly represent not only the unity. of this great Nation but the individuality of the States, the World's Fair directors and commissioners urged every State to make its own display in a building that represented the people of that State alone. The spirit with which the suggestion was received, the manner in which the work has been done, and the universal attention these buildings attract from all World's Fair visitors, demonstrate the wisdom of the plan. other feature of the Fair will give foreigners a more comprehensive idea of the greatness, the unity, and the individuality of the United States than this of the State buildings.

No

There is, too, among the people a State pride that shows itself at once when visitors from the various States reach the grounds. Every man, woman, and child wants to see without delay the State building which represents his or her own Commonwealth. They take pride in pointing out these buildings and in assuming a proprietorship in them. They are homes as well as exhibitions, and there is not a State in the Union unrepresented that does not now see the mistake in the failure of its Legislature to make the necessary appropriations for such buildings. The completeness of the State exhibits in individual buildings points the way to a grand National Exposition some time in the future which could be made greater even than the wonderful colonial exhibitions that have been held in London, representing the colonies of the British Empire. Such a fair would not equal that at Jackson park, but with the rapid development of the resources of this country and the manufactures and arts in recent years, it would rival any other world's fair held before this Columbian Exposition.-The Inter-Ocean.

ނ

THE SCHOOL JOURNAL.

LANCASTER, AUGUST, 1893.

ONE

session of the Legislature which has just closed, says the Harrisburg Telegraph, "is that which prohibits the placing of children under 16 years of age, under restraint or conviction, in a cell or apartment along with adults. It has been a common practice when boys are arrested for misdemeanors to place them in cells with older men-adult criminals. Naturally a boy learns from his companion any wickedness that the latter chooses to teach him, so that when he gets out of prison if he is not a natural born rascal he is certainly an educated one, and his criminal career begins from that time. The criminal annals of this State are full of such instances, and it is time that this practice should be stopped."

DR. D. J. WALLER, Jr., has been elected principal of the Indiana State Normal School, Indiana county, Pa., and Prof. Geo. B. Hancher, principal of the Kutztown State Normal School, Berks county, Pa.

A

AN exhibit at the World's Fair which should not be missed is that of birds and animals arranged by Dr. B. H. Warren, of West Chester. He has built up a miniature mountain, growing over which are numerous wild flowers and vines. little stream of water dashing down its side makes it look all the more realistic. At the foot of the mountain is a swamp, in which are all the birds known to haunt such places. It is in the Anthropological (or natural history) Building, and contains a specimen of every known bird and animal in Pennsylvania.

Pennsylvania School Journal, not older. The issue before us is No. 7., of volume 42. The first number was published in January, 1852. The first number of the Pennsylvania Journal bears date January, 1852. The first volume contained eighteen monthly issues, ending with June, 1853. These two periodicals started together, and if there is anything in priority of date neither can claim that distinction. They are rather twins by birth, and have always been fellow-workers in a great cause. If Brother Findley will say that the Ohio Monthly was published before January, 1852, then we grant him precedence for age. If not, better modify the statement to accord with the facts.

WE have not had a railroad pass upon The Journal at any time within the past twenty years, but have paid the customary fare when taking the cars. The Journal has not been in any way or at any time subsidized by the authorities of the Great Fair. So that we have no debts of obligation in either direction. The full and varied mention of the Exposition in these columns is solely and wholly in the interest of our readers and the cause of general culture. We owe our own debt of gratitude to Chicago, and would have others know and see what is there to be learned and enjoyed for the day, or for what may be left of a life-time.

ON Friday evening, June 16th, the directors, teachers, and graduates of the Mount Washington School, Pittsburgh, met in Männerchor Hall to do honor to their principal, Robert M. Cargo, who for twenty-five years has gone in and out before the pupils of that district as their instructor and guide. The old graduates and former teachers who were present numbered over three hundred and fify. After the renewing of old acquaintance and a grand march in the Hall, Mr. D. R. Torrence, one of the members of the school board, in a very neat and happy speech, presented to Prof. Cargo, on behalf of his friends, an elegant diamond ring, and Dr. James E. Wilson, an exmember of the Board of Education, re

rence and Dr. Wilson spoke feelingly of the good work done by Principal Cargo, and short eulogistic addresses were made

by Superintendent Luckey, Wm. Halpin, Dr. A. E. McCandless, Prof. C. B. Wood, Alfred Marland and Samuel Andrews. It was a noble recognition of good work extending through a quarter of a century, The Mount Washington (32d ward) school district was formerly a part of Union Borough, but was added to the city in 1872, since which time it has ranked among the most progressive schools of the city. During the term of Prof. Cargo, the number of teachers has increased from 3 to 30, and the number of pupils from 150 to 1400, and the old frame school building has been replaced by two elegant brick structures costing $70,000.

Prof. Cargo was born in Pittsburgh, December 12, 1840. He began teaching in West Deer township schools in 1860, where he remained until he entered the army in 1862, serving in Battery G, Pennsylvania Independent Artillery. After the war he taught successfully in Bellevue Borough, Millvale Borough, and Hazelwood. He left the last-named school in 1869 to take charge of the Mount Washington schools. As a principal and teacher he has been singularly successful, and that his work has been properly appreciated is to the credit of the directors and people of Mount Washington.

AFTER ten years of good service, Dr. Theodore B. Noss, principal of the California State Normal school, Washington county, Pa., has been granted leave of absence for one year for travel and study in Europe, and Prof. C. L. Ehrenfeld, a former principal of the school, has been chosen acting principal for the year. Dr. Noss' management has placed the California Normal in the front rank of these schools, and the outlook for the future is bright. Generous appropriations have recently been secured from the State, and at the last meeting of the board, improvements were decided upon which will cost nearly $20,000. The incoming senior class will be the largest in the history of the school. As an institute instructor and lecturer Dr. Noss has been much in demand. He has devoted himself zealously to psychological and pedagogical studies. He is the author of a small text-book on "Outlines of Psychology," and has been a frequent contributor to educational publications. He is a member of the Herbart club, and is one of the translators of a German work by Lange, brought out in English under the auspi

Two

ces of the Club. Dr. Noss is a Pennsylvanian by birth. He began his career as a district school teacher near Hagerstown, Md., in 1872, at the age of 20. years later he graduated from the Shippensburg Normal School, and was elected principal of the Shippensburg high school. school. A year later he accepted a position in Dickinson seminary, Williamsport. In 1877 he entered the sophomore class in Syracuse University, graduating in 1880. Part of his senior year was spent in European travel. In 1880 he was elected vice-principal of the California Normal, and held this position, except for an interval of six months, until his election as principal in 1883. In 1889 he was again in Europe. Dr. Noss will be accompanied on his trip abroad by his wife and daughter and by Prof. and Mrs. E. W. Chubb.

THE experience of a lady who has just returned from Chicago, and is quoted in the New York Times, will be suggestive. She says: Take an outing-flannel loose gown with you to the Fair. It will serve you on the sleeping car going and coming, and will be invaluable to rest in. While there, make it a rule to leave the grounds every day to get to your room by 5 o'clock; then loosen your clothes, discard some of them, and, in your flannel gown, take an hour's solid rest on bed or sofa, then dinner at leisure, and you will feel fresh to write in your notebook and make up the plan for the next day's sight-seeing before an early bedtime. I got to the Fair every day at 9.30, went about continually except a half-hour's rest at luncheon, left at 4.30, and staid ten days without serious fatigue. I wore big shoes that were not new, and I alternated two pairs day by day, finding much relief in this simple expedient. The distances. about the grounds are inexorable. They cannot be traversed at random. and guide-book should be bought before leaving home and a daily itinerary laid out, in order that not a single step need be retraced or even a short distance gone over a second time. When you feel yourself giving out, take a wheel chair for an hour. It is money well expended, and refreshes one very much. A careful diet

A map

is another thing to be considered during a stay in Chicago. It is the commonest digestive law that the stomach sympathizes closely with bodily fatigue, but most persons recklessly disregard this