A thermodynamic description of structural behavior, introducing internal variables, is used to propose and develop a number of phenomenological laws. In particular, the problems of modeling the cyclic behavior of metallic materials are studied as well as those aspects related to the damage processes of the materials which lead to damage failure (macroscopic crack initiation phase). The formulation adopted uses three types of internal variables. These are isotropic hardening, kinematic hardening, and the damage variable whose introduction into a general three dimensional context is discussed in detail. Particular attention is paid to the problems of the relationship between damage and behavior in deformation as well as a priori verification of the second law of thermodynamics. A three dimensional cyclic viscoplastic constitutive equation is proposed that makes it possible to describe the effects of viscoplasticity (creep-relaxation), strain hardening, Bauschinger effects, cyclic softening or hardening, cycle stabilization, recovery effects, and history effects. Two damage models are also introduced which described independently the processes of creep and fatigue damage by introducing nonlinear cumulation effects. These models are generalized to the three dimensional case by taking into account earlier published experimental results. Author (ESA) Natural hazards generally associated with earth movement are considered, namely, earthquake, landslide, and expansive soil. Each hazard was modeled with regard to national and sudden loss projections. Mitigations were applied to the theoretical national loss, earth hazard models. It was determined that if the most effective mitigations were invoked beginning in the year 1981, approximately 24 percent of the annual loss projected by the year 2000 could be saved. It was determined that earthquake is by far the most extreme type of hazard and also affords the greatest possibility of sudden loss reduction should adequate warning be given and consequent appropriate actions taken to reduce the risk. GRA The models that were used to measure the expected losses that are associated with a variety of natural disasters are reported. Data sources and data manipulations that were required to make the models operational are reviewed. The tenets of cost benefit analysis were adopted as a framework. The models are built on the premise that the probabilities of various disasters and the intensities of these disasters can be jointly predicted for future time periods for small regions. The tests and applications of the methodology, sensitivity tests, tests on known historical disaster events, and actual cost benefit analysis of selected mitigation measures are presented. GRA 43 EARTH RESOURCES Includes remote sensing of earth resources by aircraft N79-30587# Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. Gerald M. Richmond, William Mullenders (Universite Catholique de Louvain), and Mady Coremans (Universite Catholique de Louvain) 1978 16 p refs (USGS-Bull-1455) Avail: NTIS HC A01; SOD HC Pollen analyses of siltstone beds in sedimentary rocks that overlie and closely resemble the basal sedimentary unit of the Eocene volcanic sequence in the Washburn Range, north central Yellowstone National Park, yielded pollen types and percentages indicative of an age no older than latest Pliocene. These sedimentary rocks are lithologically similar to others that lie conformably beneath the slightly more than 2.0 million year old Junction Butte Basalt and are therefore no younger than latest Pliocene in age. The geomorphic setting of the sediments in a north trending paleovalley suggests that their source was an upland to the south in an area of central Yellowstone Park which has since foundered because of caldera collapse. Comparison of the pollen analyses of the sediments at two localities and the altitudes of the localities with the modern pollen rain and altitude limits of present day forest associations suggests that the vegetation zones and climate in latest Pliocene time were broadly similar to present conditions. The sedimentary rocks are correlated with others in and near Yellowstone Park on the basis of their overall relation to the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff, N79-30590* National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D. C. EARTH RESOURCES: A CONTINUING BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH INDEXES, ISSUE 22, JULY 1979 Jul. 1979 96 p (NASA-SP-7041(22)) Avail: NTIS HC E05 CSCL 05B This bibliography lists 390 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system between 1 April 1979 and 30 June 1979. Emphasis is placed on the use of remote sensing and geophysical instrumentation in spacecraft and aircraft to survey and inventory natural resources and urban areas. Subject matter is grouped according to agriculture and forestry, environmental changes and cultural resources, geodesy and cartography, geology and mineral resources, hydrology and water management, data processing and distribution systems, instrumentation and sensors, and economic analysis. K.L. N79-30691*# Department of Agriculture, Weslaco, Tex. Science and Education Administration. PLANT COVER, SOIL TEMPERATURE, FREEZE, WATER STRESS, AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION CONDITIONS Quarterly Progress Report, 1 Mar. - 1 Jun. 1979 Craig L. Wiegand, Paul R. Nixon, Harold W. Gausman, L. Neal Namken, Ross W. Leamer, and Arthur J. Richardson, Principal N79-30596*# Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Nelson DeJesus Parada, Principal Investigator, T. Morimoto, R. The author has identified the following significant results. In conjunction with Turner's model for the correction of satellite data for atmospheric interference, the LOWTRAN-3 computer program was used to calculate the atmospheric interference. Use of the program improved the contrast between different natural tar gets in the MSS LANDSAT data of Brasilia, Brazil. The classification accuracy of sugar canes was improved by about 9% in the multispectral data of Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo. Author N79-30597*# Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Campos (Brazil). CLASSIFICATION OF AREAS USING PIXEL-BY-PIXEL AND SAMPLE CLASSIFIERS Nelson deJesus Parada, Principal Investigator, R. Kumar, M. Niero, A. P. Manso, L. A. M. Lucht, and M. S. S. Barros Apr. 1979 16 P refs Presented at Intern. Conf. on Machine-Aided Image Analysis, Oxford, Engl., 4-6 Sep. 1978 Sponsored by NASA ERTS (E79-10236; NASA-CR-158800; INPE-1472-RPE/023) Avail: NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 05B There are no author-identified significant results in this report. N79-30598*# Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Campos (Brazil). USE OF AUTOMATIC EXTRACTION OF LANDSAT DATA DEFINING AREAS OF ILMENITE IN THE FOREST OF THE STATE OF PERNAMBUCO [USO DA CLASSIFICACAO AUTOMATICA DE DADOS DO SATELITE LANDSAT NA DEFINICAO DE AREAS DE ILMENITA PRIMARIA EN FLORESTA, PERNAMBUCO] Nelson deJesus Parada, Principal Investigator, Sylvio de Queiros Mattoso, Waldir Renato Paradella, and Paulo Roberto Meneses Jan. 1979 35 P refs In PORTUGUESE; ENGLISH summary ERTS (E79-10237: NASA-CR-158801; INPE-1415-RPE/003) Avail: NTIS HC A03/MF A01 CSCL 02F The author has identified the following significant results. Classification results point out 600 alarm areas of high potentiality of titanium occurrence. Almost 80 of these 600 alarm areas were checked by field work, and in 56 of them, titanium occurrences were confirmed and four new ore deposits were found. Author N79-30599*# Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Campos (Brazil). REMOTE SENSORS APPLIED TO THE PROSPECTING OF THERMOMINERAL WATERS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF CALDAS NOVAS-GOIAS [SENSORES REMOTOS APPLICADOS A PROSPECCAO DE AGUAS TERMOMINERAIS NO MUNICIPIO DE CALDAS NOVAS-GOIAS] Nelson deJesus Parada, Principal Investigator, Paulo Veneziani, and Celio Eustaquio dos Sanjos Jan. 1979 16 P refs PORTUGUESE Sponsored by NASA ERTS (E79-10238: NASA-CR-158802; INPE-1413-RPE/001) Avail: NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 08H In N79-30603*# Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Campos (Brazil). CORN YIELD MODEL FOR RIBEIRAO PRETO, SAO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL Nelson deJesus Parada, Principal Investigator, Sherry Chou Chen, and Lourdes Bernadete da Fonseca May 1979 15 p refs In PORTUGUESE: ENGLISH summary Sponsored by NASA Submitted for publication ERTS (E79-10244; NASA-CR-158807; INPE-1488-RPE/034) Avail: NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 02C There are no author-identified significant results in this report. There are no author-identified significant results in this report. N79-30608# RAND Corp., Santa Monica, Calif. ADJUSTMENT AND VERIFICATION OF THE RANDDELTA 2 MODEL A. Langerak (Delft Hydraulics Lab.), M. A. M. Deras (Rijkswaterstaat), and J. J. Leendertse Sep. 1978 24 p refs Presented at the 16th Intern. Conf. on Coastal Eng., Hamburg, 1978 (P-6247) Avail: NTIS HC A02/MF A01 In the mid-1950s the Netherland government embarked on a massive dike and dam construction program, called the Delta Plan. Its purpose was to enhance protection from floods caused by the North Sea in the estuaries of the Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt. In support of engineering and environmental studies related to the construction and operation of a storm barrier (revised plan), a large numerical model was developed which covers the Eastern and Western Scheldt and the adjacent offshore area. The section of the North Sea which is included in the model is about 120 km long and 30 kn wide, running from Blankengerghe in Belgium to Scheveningen in the Netherlands. Topics discussed include: (1) model formulation; (2) computation approximation; (3) modeling system; (4) aspects of tidal wave propagation in the model area; (5) submodels; and (6) model adjustment and verification. G.Y. N79-30609# California Univ., Berkeley. Lawrence Berkeley Lab. GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION ASSESSMENT AND INTERPRETATION, KLAMATH BASIN, OREGON - SWAN LAKE AND KLAMATH HILLS AREA M. Stark, N. Goldstein, H. Wollenberg, B. Strisower, H. Hege, and M. Wilt May 1979 83 p refs (Contract W-7405-eng-48) (LBL-8186) Avail: NTIS HC A05/MF A01 A synthesis and preliminary interpretation of predominantly geophysical information relating to the Klamath Basin geothermal resource is presented. The Swan Lake Valley area, northeast of Klamath Falls, and the Klamath Hills area, south of Klamath Falls, are discussed in detail. Available geophysical data, including gravity, magnetic, electrical resistivity, microearthquake, roving dipole resistivity, audio magnetotelluric (AMT) and magnetotelluric (MT) data sets, are examined and reinterpreted for these areas. One and two dimensional modeling techniques are applied, and general agreement among overlapping data sets is achieved. The MT method appears well suited to this type of exploration, although interpretation is difficult in the complex geology. Roving dipole and AMT are useful in reconnaissance, while gravity and magnetics help in defining structure. Author An efficient and accurate procedure for estimating inventories from remote sensing scenes is presented. In place of the conventional and expensive full dimensional Bayes decision rule, a one-dimensional feature extraction and classification technique was employed. It is shown that this efficient decision rule can be used to develop unbiased inventory estimates and that for large sample sizes typical of satellite derived remote sensing scenes, resulting accuracies are comparable or superior to more expensive alternative procedures. Mathematical details of the procedure are provided in the body of the report and in the appendix. Results of a numerical simulation of the technique using statistics obtained from an observed LANDSAT scene are included. The simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of the technique in computing accurate inventory estimates. Author N79-30611*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MICROWAVE RADIOMETER OBSERVATIONS OVER SNOWFIELDS WITH RADIATIVE TRANSFER MODEL CALCULATIONS A. T. C. Chang and J. C. Shiue May 1979 31 p refs Submitted N79-30613# European Space Agency, Paris (France). J. Plevin, ed. V. Hood, ed, T. D. Guyene, ed, and S. Adamy The state of the art of satellite observation technology and considerations on the management and economic aspects are reviewed. For individual titles, see N79-30614 through N7930682. N79-30614*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D. C. LA CIE (LARGE AREA CROP INVENTORY EXPERIMENT) Ruth I. Whitman In ESA Earth Observation from Space and Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment was a three year experiment conducted jointly by the United States Department of Agriculture, NASA, and NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) to determine if global wheat production can be forecast from LANDSAT data to within 90% of actual yield for each observed 9 years out of 10. Data for the third crop year (1976-1977) was compiled. The proportional area of cultivated land devoted to wheat was estimated based on a statistical sampling of LANDSAT data. Yield is presently estimated by NOAA using regression models developed from historical weather and yield information. Results are discussed. Author (ESA) (rainbow), carried out jointly by the USSR and the German Democratic Republic in 1976 is described. A multispectral camera MKF-6 and a multispectral projector MSP-4 were employed. Some examples of picture reprocessing techniques with additive color viewing are presented. Results concerning the interpretation of the photos obtained in this experiment are discussed. It is found that photos which are well suited for studying photogrammetrical and thematic sensing problems can be obtained from satellites and aircraft. Author (ESA) N79-30616# European Atomic Energy Community, Ispra (Italy). SUMMARY OF RESULTS OBTAINED DURING A EUROPEAN TELEDETECTION PROGRAM RELATED TO AGRICULTURE AND SILVICULTURE (AGRESTE PROJECT) [SYNTHESE DES RESULTATS ACQUIS DANS LE CADRE D'UN PROGRAMME DE COLLABORATION EUROPEENE EN TELEDETECTION, APPLIQUE A L'AGRICULTURE ET A LA SYLVICULTURE (PROJECT AGRESTE)] A. Berg, G. Flouzat (Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements), and S. Gallide Paratesi In ESA Earth Observation from Space and Management of Planetary Resources May 1978 p 27-40 refs In FRENCH: ENGLISH summary (For primary document see N79-30613 21-43) Avail: NTIS HC A99/MF A01 Different methods for the classification of multispectral data were perfected and used to verify the feasibility of teledetection techniques in Europe for agricultural and silvicultural resources management. Observations made from LANDSAT satellites and aircraft were used. Results are reported refering to the identification of the four vegetal species chosen. The relationship between rice reflectance and vegetation structure makes it possible to predict yield nearly two months before harvest. The early identification of rice virus diseases through the detection of spectral modifications in the vegetal cover is another important result. A model to estimate wood production from the Garonne valley is also discussed. Author (ESA) ABLE EQUIPMENT [RESULTATS OBTENUS DAN L'INVENTAIRE DES RESSOURCES DU BASSIN INFERIEUR DU DANUBE ET DANS LE DELTA DU DANUBE PAR TELEDETECTION; TECHNOLOGIES ADAPTEES AU CAS DES MOYENS RESTREINTS] N. Oprescu and E. Mandescu (Comm. Roumaine de l'Activite Spatiale) In ESA Earth Observation from Space and Management of Planetary Resources May 1978 p 63-76 refs In FRENCH (For primary document see N79-30613 21-43) Avail: NTIS HC A99/MF A01 A teledetection technique limited to the use of available equipment is presented. A mixed analog-digital data processing system was used, working with successive approximations and starting with a digital treatment. Data from the LANDSAT satellite were employed in monitoring specific variables in the domains of agriculture, hydrology, pollution, and geology. It is concluded that multispectral data processing must be digital and that teledetection will be helpful in predicting crop yield, pollution, water reserves, flooding, and other important environmental parameters. Conditions necessary to perfect the methods are discussed. Author (ESA) N79-30620# Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsanstalt fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt, Munich (West Germany). MASS APPEARANCE OF BLUE GREEN ALGAE IN THE BALTIC SEA: EVALUATION OF MULTISPECTRAL LANDSAT SCENES BY IMAGE PROCESSING K. A. Ulbricht, D. Schmidt (Ger. Hydrographic Inst.), and U. Horstmann (Kiel Univ.) In ESA Earth Observation from Space and Management of Planetary Resources May 1978 p 77-89 refs (For primary document see N79-30613 21-43) Avail: NTIS HC A99/MF A01 Accumulation of blue green algae, Nodularia spumigena and Alphanisomenon flos aquae, was detected from digital image processing of LANDSAT scenes of the Baltic sea. White traces appear in some spectral regions (MSS 4 and MSS 5), which are shown to be due to algae. Blue green algae participate in the fixing of nitrogen from the air and its abnormal growth is probably related to an increase in phosphate concentrations due to sewage discharge having a high phosphorus content in the regions near the sea coast. It is also concluded that space detected traces are to be complimented by in situ measurements in order to get reliable quantitative information. Author (ESA) N79-30621# Universite des Sciences et Techniques de Lille (France). Lab. d'Optique Atmospherique. INTERPRETATION OF THE SPECTRAL SIGNATURE OF SEA WATER [INTERPRETATION DE LA SIGNATURE SPECTRALE DES EAUX MARINES] M. Viollier, N. Baussart, and P. Lecomte In ESA Earth Observation from Space and Management of Planetary Resources May 1978 p 81-88 refs In FRENCH (For primary document see N79-30613 21-43) Avail: NTIS HC A99/MF A01 The variations in the reflectance of the ocean measured at different wave lengths was used to determine the content of chlorophyll and sediments as they modify the optical properties of sea water. The results obtained by teledetection and by local measurements for four types of water (coastal sea, North Sea, upwelling sea water, and Guinea Gulf) are presented. The precision of this method of determination of chlorophyll content is subject to several types of errors which are discussed. Author (ESA) N79-30622# Operation Pilote Interministerielle de Teledetection, Paris (France). UTILIZATION OF LANDSAT FOR THE INVENTORY AND CARTOGRAPHY OF SOIL USES AND FOR TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATION. MAIN EXPERIMENTS CARRIED OUT DURING THE FRENCH TELEDETECTION INTERMINISTERIAL PILOT OPERATION (OPIT) [UTILISATION DE LANDSAT POUR L'INVENTAIRE ET LA CARTOGRAPHIE DE L'UTILISATION DU SOL ET L'AMENAGEMENT DU TERRITOIRE: PRINCIPALES EXPERIMENTATIONS MENEES PAR L'OPIT] Marc Bied-Charreton In ESA Earth Observation from Space and Management of Planetary Resources May 1978 p 89-95 refs In FRENCH (For primary document see N79-30613 21-43) Avail: NTIS HC A99/MF A01 Data from LANDSAT (soil use, humid areas, forest fires) pertinent to the Mediterranean region were numerically treated for an area of moderate altitude (Vosge's forests, Vivarais's forests), for an agriculture-sylviculture equilibrium zone (Limousin), and for a polyculture zone (Loire valley) in order to evaluate the usefulness of teledetection techniques vis a vis the needs of several government agencies (OPIT program). Several methodologic conclusions are listed, pointing out the insufficient development of various steps of the technical procedures. Conclusions relative to the contributions of teledetection are also listed. It is estimated that teledetection will satisfy most user's needs some years from now if the system elements are optimized. THE CONTRIBUTION OF TELEDETECTION TO THE CARTOGRAPHY OF THE FRENCH AGRARIAN COUNTRYSIDE [APPORTS DE LA TELEDECTION A LA CARTOGRAPHIE DES PAYSAGES AGRAIRES FRANCAIS] J. Coudoux In ESA Earth Observation from Space and Management of Planetary Resources May 1978 p 103-116 refs In FRENCH (For primary document see N79-30613 21-43) Avail: NTIS HC A99/MF A01 The French agrarian countryside was studied based on LANDSAT 1 and 2 image data. The research methods reviewed are visual approach and cartographic survey. The analysis of the agrarian elements and their components made possible the identification of criteria useful in the preliminary selection of raw data, but difficulties are yet foreseen for the choice of an automated selection system. Small scale cartography showing the agrarian countryside's structural features, is suggested. Author (ESA) N79-30625# Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres, Minieres, Paris (France). EXAMPLES OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF TELEDETECTION TO MINING RESEARCH [ILLUSTRATION PAR L'EXEMPLE D'UN MODE D'APPUI ET D'INTERVENTION DE LA TELEDETECTION SPATIALE EN RECHERCHE MINIERE] Jean-Yves Scanvic In ESA Earth Observation from Space and Management of Planetary Resources May 1978 p 117-131 refs In FRENCH (For primary document see N79-30613 21-43) Avail: NTIS HC A99/MF A01 LANDSAT satellite images of mountainous regions of France were used to study geological structures in order to define the potential teledetection for mining research. Several dozen circular structures were discovered, ten of which are discussed as typical examples. It was also found that the alignments observed in the satellite images correspond to the phenomena described by Hobbs. The correlations with previous data show several possible origins for the circular structures. It is concluded that teledetection can be very important for mining research planning. Author (ESA) N79-30626# Institut Francais du Petrole, Rueil-Malmaison. CONTRIBUTION OF LANDSAT IMAGES TO GEOLOGICAL PROSPECTING IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION [CONTRIBUTION DES IMAGES LANDSAT A LA PROSPECTION GEOLOGIQUE DANS LES REGIONS DE LA MEDITERRANEE OCCIDENTALE] |