appropriate. In 1837, the state received, by the removal of its deposits from the United States treasury, the sum of $1,433,757.39. This, with the exception of $300,000, was transferred to the literary board, to be set apart as a permanent fund for the maintenance of the schools, the income thence derived, with the amounts received from sources above specified, constituting the annual school fund of the state. The revenue from this source, in 1838, amounted to $100,000. In 1840, the permanent fund was $2,000,000, yielding an annual income of $120,000. The present permanent fund amounts to $2,190,564.65.

(2) Taxes. In the report made to the legislature in 1838, by the literary board, the insufficiency of the income of the permanent fund for school purposes was plainly pointed out. In 1840, a tax was levied in each district sufficient to build a school-house; and, in 1844, each county was required to levy a tax equal to one half of the amount annually received from the literary fund. In 1868, the constitution of the state directed that "the general assembly, at its first session under this constitution, shall provide, by taxation and otherwise, for a general and uniform system of public schools." The following year, the school law provided that, in case any township should fail, at the annual meeting, to provide for schools to be taught four months in the year, the school committee should immediately forward to the county commissioners an estimate of the necessary expenses; and a tax equal to the amount of such estimate should be levied on the township by the county commissioners at the same time that the county taxes were levied. The act of 1871–2 required that a tax of 63 cents on the $100, and 20 cents special tax, should be levied; and this, with 75 per cent of the state and county poll tax, and all other public school funds, should be paid at the rate of 50 cents per month, for each pupil attending the public schools. The present law, enacted in 1872-3, levies an annual tax of 8 cents on the $100, and a special poll-tax of 25 cents; and this, with 75 per cent of the state and county poll-tax and all other school money, is distributed among the school-districts according to the number of children of school age in each. III. The report of the president and directors of the literary fund to the legislature, in 1838, called attention to the fact that no supervision of the schools was maintained by the intelligent portion of the community, on account of their want of pecuniary responsibility, and suggested that the portion of the literary fund due each county should not be distributed till the county court should have levied and collected twice the amount due from the fund to the county. They recommended a thorough organization and supervision of the schools. In 1852, Rev. Calvin H. Wiley was appointed superintendent of schools, and retained the position till 1865. At that time the public schools were closed for want of funds, and remained so till 1870. His successors have been S. S. Ashley, till 1872; Alexander McIver, till 1875; and Stephen D. Pool, the present incumbent (1876).

School System.-The general supervision of the schools of the state is vested in a state board of education, which consists of the governor, the superintendent of public instruction, the secretary of state, the treasurer, the auditor, and the attorney-general. Of this board, the governor is the president, and the state superintendent, the secretary. The immediate control of the schools is committed to the state superintendent, who is elected by the people for four years. County commissioners are also chosen, who are charged with "a general supervision and control of the schools in their respective counties". Their duties relate chiefly to the financial management of the schools; though, in other respects, they have considerable discretionary power. Their efficiency, however, is impaired by the fact that their duties are confined entirely to office business, there being no visiting of the schools on their part, as in other states. In each township, a school committee of three is elected biennially. This committee is empowered to purchase and hold real estate and personal property, to receive any gift, grant, or donation made for the use of any school within its jurisdiction, and to sell or transfer the same for school purposes. It is required to make, for the use of the county board, an annual census of all children of school age, designating race and sex, of all public schools, and the number of children who do not attend school. It is also required to divide the township into suitable districts, and to establish separate schools for white and colored children. This committee, also, has the power to employ and to dismiss teachers, and to regulate their salaries, subject to certain restrictions as to grade. Public schools must be maintained not less than four months each year. The school age is from 6 to 21 years. The choice of text-books rests partly with the teachers and partly with the state board; but no sectarian or political text-books are permitted.

Educational Condition. The number of schools in the state, as reported in 1874, was 4,020, of which 2,820 were for white, and 1.200 for colored children. The support of the schools was derived from the following sources : From the state treasury.. $ 36,230.67 From poll-tax...

148,609.92 109.434.94

From property-tax..
Balance from previous year... 202,129.70
Total..

The expenditures were as follows: For salaries of teachers of

white schools.....

ored schools..

For salaries of teachers of col-
For county examiners.
For school-houses. .

For county treasurers' commissions...

Total.

$182,646.53

77,615.25

2,854.55 22,676.46

11,802.06

$496,405.23

$297,594.85

Whole number of teachers employed.....

252

175,083

2,108

767

2,875

Normal Instruction. In the pamphlet published by the president of the state university, referred to above, special attention was called to the need of qualified teachers, and a plan was proposed for supplying this deficiency. No immediate action, however, was taken. The report of the president and directors of the literary fund, in 1838, also called attention to the subject, and urgently recommended the establishment of normal schools for the education of teachers, and advised, also, the establishment of a normal department in the state university. The Ashboro' Normal School was organized, in 1873, by the Randolph County Educational Association, and was conducted by the superintendent of the association, one month in 1873, and one in 1874. In the former year, 100 teachers received instruction; in the latter, 75. The Lexington Normal School was organized by the Davidson County board of education, under a special act of the legislature, in August, 1874, and continued in session 25 days, under the direction of the chairman of the county board of examiners. In this schol, separate instruction was given to 36 white teachers, and 35 colored teachers. The normal department of Shaw University, at Raleigh, in 1874, had 3 resident instructors and 60 pupils, of whom 40 were males, and 20 females. Besides these, teachers' institutes are held in various parts of the state. The Williston Academy and Normal School, at Raleigh, also affords special instruction to teachers. It is supported by the American Missionary Association. The State Educational Association was established July 11., 1873.

Secondary Instruction. Of institutions of this grade, there were reported, in 1875, to the U. S. Bureau of Education, 27, with 84 teachers and 1,638 pupils, of whom 478 were in classical studies, 201 in modern languages, 217 preparing for a classical course in college, and 53 for a scientific course. There are also preparatory departments in several of the colleges, which, in 1875, reported 426 students.

Superior Instruction. The institutions which furnish instruction of this grade are included in the following table.

Besides these, there are several institutions for the higher education of women. Of these, 6 reported, in 1874, to the U. S. Bureau of Education, 70 instructors and 580 students.

Scientific and Professional Instruction.-Connected with the state university, there are schools of natural science, including chemistry, physics, and engineering, and a school of agriculture, endowed with the congressional land grant. Shaw College, a theological and a law department; and University has a theological department; Trinity Rutherford College, a law school.

Special Instruction.-The institution for the instruction of the deaf and dumb, and blind, was founded at Raleigh in 1847. It had, in 1875, a corps of 12 instructors, and 208 pupils, of whom 132 were deaf-mutes, and 76 were blind. Special attention is given to music, and there is a mechanical department, in which practical instruction is given in several industrial branches. The education of colored children of this class was first undertaken in this institution. The Oxford Orphans' Home, at Oxford, under the care of the Marion Fraternity, affords an asylum for 115 tions. There is a branch asylum at Mars Hill. orphans. It is sustained by voluntary contribu

NORTH CAROLINA, University of, at Chapel Hill, N. C., was chartered in 1787, and organized in 1795. Exercises were resumed, after a period of suspension, in Sept., 1875. It of literature (including the schools of Greek, comprises six colleges; namely, of mathematics, Latin, and modern languages), of philosophy (schools of metaphysics, and of history and political science), of natural science (schools of chemistry, applied chemistry, and physics), of engineering, and of agriculture (endowed with the congressional land grant, and including schools of natural history, chemistry, and military tactics). Three regular courses have been established: the classical (4 years), leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts; the scientific (3 years), leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science; and the course in agriculture (3 years), leading to the degree of Bachelor of Agriculture. The university has an extensive collection of geological and mineralogical specimens, and a library of about 5,000 volumes and 2,000 panphlets; the libraries of the two literary societies contain about 7,000 volumes each. The cost of tuition is $60 a year. In 1876-7, there were 9 instructors and 100 students (45 classical, 31 scientific, 7 agricultural, and 17 optional). Kemp P. Battle is (1876) the president.

NORTHERN ILLINOIS COLLEGE, at Fulton, Ill., was first opened, in 1861, as the Western Union College and Military Institute. In 1866, it was chartered and opened as the Illinois Soldiers' College for the education of disabled soldiers and sailors of the state. The name was changed in 1873, when the college was thrown open to both sexes. It is supported by tuition fees and the income of an endowment of about $20,000. The college building originally cost $100,000. The library consists of over 1000 volumes; the cabinet is well furnished with spec

NOTRE DAME DU LAC

of B. A., B. S., and B. Ph. Drawing and military science are pursued throughout the three courses. The charge for tuition, board, etc., is $300 per year. In 1874-5, there were 8 instructors and 49 students. The Rev. Josiah Swett, D. D., is (1876) the president.

NOTRE DAME DU LAC, University of, a Roman Catholic institution at Notre Dame, Ind., was founded by the Congregation of the Holy Cross in 1842, and chartered in 1844. It has commodious buildings finely situated. The libraries contain nearly 30,000 volumes. The regular charge for board, tuition, etc., is $300 per year. The university has a classical, a scientific, a civil engineering, a law, and a commercial department, with preparatory and post-graduate courses. In 1875-6, there were 38 instructors and 324 students. The Very Rev. Edward F. Sorin, the founder of the institution, was its president for twenty-two years. The Rev. Patrick J. Colovin, C. S. C., is (1876) the president.

NOTT, Eliphalet, an American educator, born at Ashford, Ct., June 25., 1773; died at Schenectady, N. Y., Jan. 29., 1866. He studied theology, and was sent, as teacher and missionary, to central New York, locating himself at Cherry Valley. He was soon after called to the pastorate of the Presbyterian Church in Albany, where his sermon on the death of Hamilton made him celebrated. In 1804, he was chosen president of Union College, at Schenectady, which position he held till his death. During this long period, nearly 4,000 students were graduated. Dr. Nott's principal works are Counsels to Young Men (1810), often republished, and Lectures on Temperance (1847), besides many addresses, discourses, and sermons. Physical science, also, received a large share of his attention, about 30 patents for inventions having been obtained by him.

NOVA SCOTIA, a British province of North America, forming a part of the Dominion of Canada. It has an area of 21,731 sq. m.; and its population, in 1871, was 387,800. It was first settled, in 1605, by the French under De Monts, at Port Royal (now Annapolis); but, in 1621, the country being claimed as a part of Virginia, James I. granted it to Sir William Alexander, under the title of Nova Scotia. It, however, continued in the possession of France until 1713, when it was formally ceded to the English by the treaty of Utrecht. The island of Cape Breton was annexed to it in 1763, and the province of New Brunswick separated from it in 1784. In 1867, it became a member of the

Dominion of Canada. Educational History.-The highest school authority in the province, is the council of public instruction, composed of the members of the executive council. The superintendent, who is also a member, and the secretary of the council are appointed by the lieutenant-governor. The council appoints an inspector for each county, upon the recommendation of the superintendent, and with his concurrence prescribes text-books, library books, and school-house plans. The coun

cil also makes regulations for the expenditure of the school grants, for the location, construction, and control of county academies, and the classification of teachers; appoints four provincial examiners for teachers' licenses; determines appeals from trustees, and may take such action as any special exigencies require. The superintendent has, subject to the council, the supervision of the inspectors, the normal and the common schools, and the county academies, also the enforcement of the law. He inspects the academies, and, if directed, other schools; holds meetings and teachers' institutes; reports on school management and teachers' qualifications; furnishes printed regulations and instructions to school officers, and makes an annual report with suggestions. The lieutenant-governor appoints for the several districts, corresponding to the civil counties, a board of seven commissioners. The commissioners are required to name a day when all semi-annual school returns will be received at the inspector's office, and to endorse on each of such returns their approval or disapproval, and they may authorize, on the inspector's recommendation, the payment of a grant to a licensed teacher of a poor section. The commissioners may settle disputes in regard to teachers' salaries, and may appoint trustees in certain cases. They may, upon the inspector's report, declare school premises to be unfit for use; and in such a case, the provincial aid to the section is withheld unless the necessary improvement is provided. They may cancel or suspend the license of a teacher for sufficient cause; but in the case of incapacity or negligence, they must notify the trustees and the superintendent. The inspector is required to inspect semi-annually each school and academy in his district, and report thereon to the superintendent. He must also give such information to trustees and teachers as may be required, and assist in improving the methods of school management. He must make an annual report to the superintendent on the 1st of December, specifying the work performed and its results. Every section has a board of three trustees, one elected each year, from among the qualified voters at the annual meeting. If a section fails to elect a trustee, or a trustee refuses or fails to serve for twenty days, the commissioners are required to fill such vacancy. If a person elected a trustee, refuses or fails to serve, he is liable to a fine of $20, which is applied to aid the erection of school-houses. The school year consists of two terms: the winter term, from Nov. 1. to April 30., and the summer term, from May 1. to Oct. 31. The school time, holidays, and vacations are regulated by the council. Trustees must employ a licensed teacher, and, if necessary, an assistant, for not less than five months, or in a poor section, three months in a year. No teacher can establish a school without an agreement with the section trustees. The annual grant from the provincial treasury for the public schools is $117,000, of which the city of Halifax receives $7,500. This grant is divided according to the total days' attendance of registered pupils at the