WASHINGTON TERRITORY WAYLAND 851 The principal items of school statistics, for 66 k enrolled in schools.. "teachers... completed course of study. The full course for WASHINGTON TERRITORY, one of the north-western territories of the United States, originally a part of Oregon, but organized as an independent territory in 1853. Its area is 69,994 sq. m.; its population, in 1870, was 37,432, of whom 22,195 were whites, 207 were colored persons, 234, Chinese, and 14,796, Indians. Educational History.-The first educational act of the territorial assembly was in 1862, when the University of the Territory of Washington was established, two townships of the public lands having been previously set apart by Congress for its endowment. Special legislation for the advancement of school interests has, from time to time, taken place, but no law securing uniformity in the administration of the schools was enacted till 1872, when the foundation of the present school system was laid by the enactment of a general law. The first territorial superintendent was Nelson Rounds, who was appointed in 1872. His successor was J. P. Judson, the present incumbent (1876), appointed in 1874. School System.—A territorial superintendent of common schools is appointed biennially by the governor, with the consent of the council. His duties are those usually devolving upon general superintendents. County superintendents are also elected biennially. They are required to possess the qualifications of a teacher, before being eligible. Three school directors, in each district, are elected, one each year. They make out tax lists for assessments, build school-houses, employ teachers, and visit the schools twice each session. The permanent school fund is prospective only, being derivable from school lands which cannot be sold till the territory becomes a state. The schools are maintained by an annual four mill tax on every dollar of taxable property, a county tax of not more than eight mills, a district tax of three mills, fines under criminal statutes, and private contributions. Districts, also, may levy a tax of ten mills for building and repairing school-houses. Sectarian instruction in the common schools is forbidden by law. The school month consists of 4 weeks of 6 days each; the school age is from 4 to 21 years. Educational Condition. The number of school-districts, in 1875, was 267; and the number of districts in which schools were kept was 219. The amount of school moneys for distribution, in the same year, was $53,557. 8,350 6,699 220 The principal schools are at Olympia, Port Townsend, Vancouver, Seattle, and Tacoma. Teachers' institutes have been held in some counties, and a teachers' association has been organized. The university at Seattle provides a preparatory, an academic, and a collegiate department, to all of which both sexes are admitted. Holy Angel's College (q. v.), at Vancouver, is controlled by the Roman Catholics. It has two courses,-a preparatory, and a collegiate. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, at St. Louis, Mo., was incorporated in 1853 and formally inaugurated in 1857. The charter provides that the institution shall be non-sectarian. It is supported by the income of an endowment of $500,000, and by tuition fees ranging from $50 to $160 a year. There are several scholarships, entitling the holders to free tuition. The university comprehends five departments: the academy, Mary Institute (founded in 1859), the college (organized in 1859), the polytechnic school (1857), and the law school (1867). The course of instruction in the academy extends through five years, and includes those studies which are preparatory to the College and the Polytechnic School of the University. It has also a primary and a commercial class. Mary Institute is a female seminary. Its grounds and buildings are distinct from those of the other departments; but the chancellor exercises a general supervision; and instruction in the languages, the higher mathematics, and the natural sciences is in part given by the professors of the college and the polytechnic school. The institute affords various grades of instruction from primary to collegiate. The course in the college (4 yrs.) leads to the degree of A. B. The polytechnic school (O'Fallon Polytechnic Institute) has six regular courses of study (4 yrs. each), as follows: (1) civil engineering; (2) mechanical engineering; (3) chemistry; (4) mining and metallurgy; (5) building and architecture; (6) a general course. The Polytechnic Institute also carries on a free evening school for instruction in the elements of technology, under the immediate supervision and control of the board of directors of the public schools of the city. The law school (St. Louis Law School) has a library of over 2,500 volumes. The university library contains 3,000 volumes. In 1875-6, the number of instructors in all the departments was 65; of students, 902. The chancellors of the university have been Joseph Gibson Hoyt, 1859 -63; Wm. Chauvenet, 1863-71; and Wm. Greenleaf Eliot, D. D., since 1871. WAYLAND, Francis, an American clergyman and educator, born in New York, March 11., 1796; died in Providence, R. I., Sept. 30., 1865. He graduated at Union College in 1813, studied medicine, and was licensed to practice; but, meanwhile, his purpose was changed; and, in 1816, he entered the Andover Theological Seminary. The instructions of Prof. Moses Stuart enkindled in his mind an intense enthusiasm for study; but poverty compelled him to leave the institution. During the next four years, he was a tutor in Union College; and, in 1821, became pastor of the First Baptist Church, in Boston. In 1826, he was appointed professor of mathematics and natural history in Union College, and, early in 1827, was chosen president of Brown University, and entered on what was to be the work of his life. The college was in a depressed state. The funds were inconsiderable; there was scarcely library, cabinet, or apparatus; and the standard of character, discipline, and scholarship was low. The new president sought, first of all, to raise the standard. In the recitation room, he introduced thoroughness, exactness, self-dependence, and freedom of inquiry. He aimed to teach, not the text-book, but the subject. He encouraged questions germane to the topic. Finding that the text-books in use were inadequate, he taught by lectures, till in time he created text-books in the different branches. He next sought to increase the material means of instruction. A fund of $25,000 was raised for the increase of the library and the apparatus; a library building, a laboratory, and a house for the president were erected; the library was also increased by special subscriptions outside of the fund; and several new departments of instruction were created. Yet, with the lapse of time, the conviction grew in the mind of the president that the college was not fulfilling its destiny. His dissatisfaction with the American college was expressed in his little book, Thoughts on the Present Collegiate System in the United States (1842); but no remedy was suggested. Gradually, his mind worked itself clear; and, in 1850, his Report to the Corporation of Brown University indicated both the evil and the remedy. The American colleges were not meeting the demands of the American people. They were molded by the traditions of the middle ages rather than by the wants of the 19th century. They were offering an education suited only to a limited class, to the members of the learned professions, especially the ministry, and were ignoring the large and increasing industrial classes. They were setting at naught the diversity of character, and needs on the part of young men. They were crowding a vast number of studies into a limited period of time, and were precluding the hope of high attainments in any department. The president proposed to enlarge the scope of the college, by offering its advantages to every class, welcoming the fariner, the mechanic, the artisan, and not compelling any one to pursue classical studies against his will. He desired also to afford the student the means of attaining high excellence in whatever department he entered. The principles of the Report were carried into practice, not indeed as completely as the president desired, but far enough to afford marked and satisfactory results. Dr. Wayland's views of theological education were similarly practical and WEHRLI liberal. The labors attending the re-organization of the university had been exhausting in the extreme; and, in 1855, Dr. Wayland felt compelled to resign the presidency. In 1857-8, he acted for sixteen months as pastor of the First Baptist Church in Providence. The remainder of his life he passed in retirement, in study, and in such benevolent and religious labors as his strength allowed. In addition to the works named above, he published Moral Science (1835); Political Economy (1837); Limitations of Human Responsibility (1838); Intellectual Philosophy (1854), and many other volumes, besides numerous sermons, articles, tracts, and addresses. WAYNESBURG COLLEGE, at Waynesburg, Pa., founded in 1850, is under Cumberland Presbyterian control. It is supported partly by tuition fees and partly by the income of its endowments, amounting to $50,000. The cost of tuition is $20 a year. The libraries contain about 2,000 volumes. It has a classical, a scientific, a_ladies', a normal, and a commercial course. In 1875-6, there were 10 instructors and 297 students (82 collegiate, 115 preparatory, and 100 unclassified). The presidents have been as follows: the Rev. Joshua Loughran, A. M., 4 years; the Rev. J. P. Weethee, A. M., 3 years; John C. Flenneken, 1 year; and the Rev. A. B. Miller, D. D., the present incumbent, 17 years. WEAVERVILLE COLLEGE, at Weaverville, 9 m. N. of Asheville, N. C., chartered in 1873, is a non-sectarian institution. It is beautifully situated in one of the most picturesque regions of North America. It has a primary, a preparatory, and a collegiate department, to all of which both sexes are admitted. The cost of tuition ranges from $6.50 to $18 per session of five months. In 1875-6, there were 7 instructors and 123 students (collegiate, 21; scientific and preparatory, 74; academic and primary, 28). The Rev. James S. Kennedy, D. D., is (1877) the president. WEHRLI, Johann Jakob, a celebrated Swiss teacher of poor-schools, was born at Eschikoven, November 6., 1790, and died at Andwyl, March 15., 1855. He taught a small school at Leutenegg during two winters, working in part pay for his board. In 1809, he became an assistant to Fellenberg, in his school at Hofwyl, where he remained twenty-three years, bestowing the most assiduous care upon the poor children and scholars. (See HorwYL.) When an advanced course for teachers was established on the plan of the poor-school, Wehrli was appointed the conductor of it. He had become acquainted with Pestalozzi, and interested in his theories of education, and now applied himself with zeal to the study of the principles of pedagogy, as well as to his own culture. In order to make the advanced course of benefit to poor teachers, he arranged that instruction should be given them during the morning and evening hours, so that they might work on the farm during the day, for their support. Many persons from abroad visited Hofwyl, and became acquainted with Wehrli; pupils from the school became teachers WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY or founded schools in other countries, and thus his name became well known outside of Switzerland. He received several invitations to found an institution in Germany, but preferred to remain in his own country. In 1833, on the invitation of the government of Thurgau, he undertook the management of a normal school at Kreuzlingen, where he was to be permitted to establish a self-supporting seminary on Fellenberg's plan. In this school, a very close union of labor with instruction was attempted. Each student had a parcel of land to cultivate, in the planting of which he was expected to show good taste, and had also to perform his part of the routine duties of the farm. Wehrli exercised his scholars in practical teaching by causing them to take the part of the questioner, himself going through the lesson with them. His position as director of the seminary gave him many opportunities to improve the general circumstances of the teachers. He was consulted by the council of education on important occasions, and exercised, as a member of the commission of examination, no insignificant influence upon the enactment of the school laws. He took part in conferences and conventions for the elevation of the condition of the peasantry. His scheme, however, for making the institution self-supporting, through the combination of instruction and labor, failed; new views on education began to prevail, while his own fell into disfavor. Changes were proposed in the management of the seminary, which he could not consent to advance. He resigned his charge at Easter 1853, and removed to Guggenbühl, in the parish of Andwyl, followed by twenty teachers and pupils, where, at the age of sixty years, he undertook to establish a new seminary; but his physical strength was broken, and he was not equal to the moderate exertions that were required of him. He declined steadily till his death, about two years afterwards. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, at Middletown, Ct., the oldest college in the United States under the patronage and control of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was organized in 1830, and chartered in 1831. Since 1872, its courses have been open to both sexes. It has an endowment of about $400,000, extensive astronomical, physical, and chemical apparatus, a valuable museum of natural history, and a library of over 26,000 volumes. The cost of tuition is $75 a year. There are three regular courses, each of four years: a classical course, a Latin-scientific course, and a scientific course; and in each there is a considerable range of elective studies. There are also special and postgraduate courses. In 1875-6, there were 14 instructors, and 176 students (9 females). The presidents have been as follows: the Rev. Wilbur Fisk, D. D., 1831-9; the Rev. Stephen Olin, D. D., 1839-41; the Rev. Nathan Bangs, D. D., 1841-2; the Rev. Stephen Olin, D.D., 1842-51; Augustus Wm. Smith, 1852-7; the Rev. Joseph Cummings, D. D., 1857-75; and the Rev. Cyrus Foss, D. D., since 1875. WESTERN COLLEGE, at Western, Linn Co., Iowa, was founded in 1856 by the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, which still controls it. It has an endowment of $16,000, but has been chiefly supported by contributions. The college and society libraries contain 1500 volumes. The tuition and incidental fees are $25.50 a year. Both sexes are admitted. There is a classical and a scientific course, and a preparatory and a commercial department. In 1875—6, there were 11 instructors and 219 students (132 males and 87 females), of whom 37 were of collegiate grade. The presidents have been as follows the Rev. Solomon Weaver, 1856-64; the Rev. Wm. Davis, 1864-5; M. W. Bartlett (principal), 1865—6; H. R. Page, 1866–7; E. C. Ebersole, A. M. (principal), 1867-8; and the Rev. Ezekiel B. Kephart, A. M., since 1868. WESTERN MARYLAND COLLEGE, at Westminster, Md., was founded in 1867 and incorporated in 1868. It is under the special patronage of the Maryland Annual Conference of the Methodist Protestant Church. It is supported by contributions and the fees of students. The cost of tuition is from $17.50 to $30 a year. The institution has libraries comprising 3,500 volumes. Both sexes are educated, but in separate departments, though mainly by the same professors. The collegiate course for males extends over 4 years, and for females, 3 years. Facilities are also afforded for theological instruction. In 1876-7, there were 13 instructors and 113 students (66 male and 47 female, 65 collegiate and 48 preparatory). The Rev. J. T. Ward, D. D., has been the president from the commence ment of the institution. WESTERN RESERVE COLLEGE, at Hudson, Ohio, was chartered in 1826, and opened the same year. It is not under ecclesiastical control, but its trustees and professors are all connected with the Congregational or Presbyterian denomination. It is supported by tuition fees (from $25 to $30 a year), and the income of an endowment of $210,000. It has an astronomical observatory, valuable apparatus, and libraries, containing 11,000 volumes. There is a preparatory and a collegiate department. Both sexes are admitted. In 1876-7, there were 11 instructors and 126 students (72 collegiate and 54 preparatory). The Cleveland Medical College, established in Cleveland in 1844, is a department of the institution. The presidents of the college have been as follows: the Rev. Charles B. Storrs, 1830-33; the Rev. George E. Pierce, D. D., 1834-55; the Rev. Henry L. Hitchcock, D. D., 1855–71; and the Rev. Carroll Cutler, D.D., since 1871. WESTFIELD COLLEGE, at Westfield, Ill., under the control of the United Brethren in Christ, was chartered in 1865, growing out of the Westfield Seminary, founded in 1861. Both sexes are admitted and graduated on an equal basis of scholarship. It has an endowment of $85,000. The regular charge for tuition is $24 a year. There is a preparatory, a normal, a scientific, and a classical course. Facilities are 854 WESTMINSTER COLLEGE WEST VIRGINIA against which are charged his expenses, including board, clothing, books, and stationery. For the purposes of military police, discipline, and infantry drill, the cadets are organized into a battalion of four companies, commanded by an army officer, styled Commandant of Cadets, the battalion staff and the subordinate officers being cadets. Each company is commanded by anarmy officer, styled Assistant Instructor of Infantry Tactics. The course is for four years. From about June 20. to Sept. 1., a period corresponding to the vacation of other institutions, the cadets live in tents and devote themselves to military duties, riding, sword exercise, practical military engineering, etc. On graduation, they are commissioned in the engineers, ordnance, artillery, infantry, or cavalry, according to their qualifications. The academy is under the care of an army officer, styled Superintendent, who has a military staff of five officers. There are professors of drawing; of mathematics; of chemistry, mineralogy, and geology; of the Spanish language; of natural and experimental philosophy; of the French language; of military and civil engineering; of law; and of geography, history, and ethics (the chaplain). There are also instructors of artillery, cavalry, and infantry tactics (the commandant of cadets); of practical military engineering, signaling, and telegraphy; and of ordnance and gunnery; a music teacher, and a sword master. Most of these have several as also afforded for instruction in art and music. In 1876-7, there were 9 instructors and 193 students (34 collegiate). The Rev. Samuel B. Allen, D. D., has been the president since 1869. WESTMINSTER COLLEGE, at Fulton, Mo., founded in 1853, is under the control of the Presbyterian Church, South. It is supported by tuition fees (from $30 to $50 a year) and the income of an endowment of $86,000. The libraries contain about 5,000 volumes. There is a classical and a scientific course (with a collegiate and a preparatory department), special courses, and an English course. In 1876-7, there were 6 professors and 99 students (classical, 43; scientific, 15; special, 15; English, 26). The presidents have been: the Rev. S. S. Laws, LL. D.; the Rev. John Montgomery, D. D.; the Rev. N. L. Rice, D. D.; and the Rev. M. M. Fisher, D. D., the present (1877) incumbent. WESTMINSTER COLLEGE, at New Wilmington, Pa., chartered in 1852, is under United Presbyterian control. It has productive funds to the amount of $74,000, raised by the sale of scholarships, the owners or hirers of which are entitled to tuition. The libraries contain 3,600 volumes. There is a classical, a preparatory, and a scientific department. No distinction of color or sex is made in the admission of students. In 1875-6, there were 8 instructors and 165 students (71 classical, 48 preparatory, and 46 scientific). The presidents have been as follows the Rev. James Patterson, D. D., 1853-❘sistants. In 1877, there were 51 officers and 300 66; the Rev. R. A. Browne, D. D., 1867-70; and the Rev. E. T. Jeffers, D. D., since 1872. : WEST POINT, the seat of the United States Military Academy, is a village in Orange Co., N.Y., on the W. bank of the Hudson river, at its passage through the Highlands, 52 m. above New York City. The grounds over which the United States has jurisdiction, and on which are the principal buildings, occupy the plain of West Point, 160 to 180 ft. above the river, and are flanked on the west by abrupt hills and mountain spurs from 500 to 1,500 ft. high. The point projects into the river with bold, rocky cliffs on the east and north-east, and a more gentle slope on the north. A large area is arranged for tactical instruction and parades. The academy was established at West Point by the act of March 16., 1802. Under the present law, each congressional district, each territory, and the District of Columbia is entitled to have one cadet at the academy, and ten are also appointed yearly at large. The appointments at large are conferred by the president; those from each district and territory, by the secretary of war, on the nomination of the representative or delegate in Congress. Candidates must be between 17 and 22 years of age, must be well versed in arithmetic, reading, and writing, including orthography, and must have a knowledge of the elements of English grammar, of descriptive geography, particularly of their own country, and of the history of the United States. Upon entering, they agree to serve eight years in the U. S. army, unless sooner discharged. Each cadet receives $540 a year, cadets. The number of graduates from 1802 to 1876 was 2,640, being less than half of those who entered the academy during that period. WEST VIRGINIA, one of the states of the American Union, organized, in 1862, from a portion of Virginia, and admitted into the Union as a separate state in 1863. Its area is 23,000 sq. m.; and its population, in 1870, was 442,014, of whom 17,980 were colored persons. Educational History.-The school history of the state is of course identical with that of Virginia (q. v.), up to the time of their separation. One of the conditions under which the state was admitted to the Union, provided for the creation of a school fund, for the organization of a freeschool system, and the appointment of officers necessary for its proper supervision and maintenance. In 1865, this system was established, and remained in force till 1872, when the new constitution, then adopted, made several changes. In 1873, the legislature amended the school law, giving it its present form.-The first state superintendent was A. D. Williams, from 1865–9; and his successors were C. S. Lewis, from 1869-71; W. K. Pendleton, from 1871–2; and B. W. Byrne, the present incumbent (1877) elected in 1872. School System.-The supervision and management of the state are entrusted to a state superintendent, who is elected by the people every four years. He is required to give directions to the county superintendents, and to perform all the duties usually pertaining to the office, making an annual report to the legislature. WEST VIRGINIA County superintendents are elected for two years. The organization of the schools is committed to these officers, with power to exercise a general supervision over all subordinate officers. District boards of education, consisting of a president and two commissioners, are elected for two years. They have general control of the district schools in all that relates to the building and repairing of school-houses, the employment of teachers, the determination of their number and salaries, and the limiting of the school session. District trustees are elected for two years. They act under the direction of the district board. They employ teachers, and report annually to the board. Boards of examiners, each consisting of the county superintendent, and two teachers appointed by the president of the district board, are convened in every county for the purpose of examining teachers and issuing certificates, valid for one year in the county where issued. These are authorized to grant certificates of five grades. A state board of examiners, consisting of the state superintendent and two professional teachers appointed by the governor, also issues professional certificates, which entitle the holder to teach anywhere in the state during life, such certificates being revocable by the state superintendent for good cause. The school revenue of the state is derived from (1) the interest on the invested school fund; (2) a poll tax of $1 on all male citizens; (3) a state tax of 10 cents on every $100 of real and personal property; (4) a district tax for a school fund; and (5) a district tax for a building fund. The last two are subject to a majority vote of the people of the district. The county sheriff acts as treasurer of the school funds, collecting and disbursing "all school money for the several districts and independent districts therein." Mixed schools for white and colored children are prohibited; the establishment of separate schools for the latter being provided for, whenever the number in a district exceeds 25. The legal school age is from 6 to 21 years. Educational Condition. - The number of school-districts, in 1874, was 321; the number of sub-districts, 2,845; the number of independent districts, 38. The school revenue, in 1874-5, was: From state tax.. 66 local 66 Interest on permanent fund... ..$194,791.32 541,090.98 17,595.20 $753,477.50 855 Normal Instruction. The state normal school, known as Marshall College, at Huntington, was established in 1867. Five branches were subsequently authorized, and most of them were opened as follows: at Fairmont (1869); at West Liberty (1870); at Glenville (1873); at Shepherdstown (1873); and at Concord (to be opened in 1875). The number of graduates from the parent school at Huntington, up to 1874, was 34. The school at Fairmont is divided into a model school, and an academic and a normal department, and will accommodate 200 students. The school at West Liberty has accommodations for 150; that at Shepherdstown, for 200. The latter and the Glenville school are under the management of a board of regents. The appropriation from the Peabody fund for these five schools, in 1875, was $2,500.-Teachers' Institutes have been organized, principally by the agent of the Peabody fund; and their influence, in calling the attention of teachers to improved methods of teaching and school government, has been very beneficial. A state teachers' association is also in existence, which holds annual meetings. Normal institutes, of from 2 to 4 weeks' duration, were held, during 1874, in 15 counties. Secondary Instruction.-The establishment of high schools is dependent upon a three-fifths vote of the citizens of each district. The number of these institutions is not large. The Harper's Ferry High School for colored pupils was, in 1868, chartered as Storer College, but the course of instruction hardly goes beyond that of the ordinary primary school. Many graminar schools exist, and the studies usually pursued in high schools are, to some extent, pursued in them. Besides these, there are several private schools and academies in which secondary instruction is given. Seven private schools of this grade reported to the U. S. Bureau of Education, in 1875, a total of 32 teachers and 873 pupils. Two of the colleges, also, have preparatory departments. Denominational and Parochial Schools.-Several of these are in existence, principally under the auspices of the Roman Catholics, and the German Protestants. Five are reported in Wheeling alone,-3 Roman Catholic, and 2 German Protestant. Superior Instruction.-Three institutions for education of this kind exist, as follows: 52,754.38 The principal items of school statistics are as follows: 1840 Christian 1868 Free W.B. 1867 Non-sec. There are two colleges for women,-the Park.115,300 ersburg Academy of the Visitation, and the 79,002 Wheeling Female College. The former was established by the Roman Catholics, in 1866. Connected with it is a preparatory school in which instruction in common-school branches is $30.77 given gratuitously. The academy is well sup .3,461 .$35.03 |