866 WORKING MEN'S COLLEGE WYOMING important hints may be derived from the fol WRITING. See PENMANSHIP. lowing works : TRENCH, A Select Glossary of WURTEMBERG. See GERMANY. English Words etc. (N. Y., 1859); also, On the WYOMING, one of the territories of the Study of Words (N. Y., 1859); HALDEMAN, Af- United States. formed, in 1868, from portions fices in their Origin and Application (Phila., of Utah, Idaho, and Dakota. Its area is 97,883 1865); DE VERE, Studies in English (N. Y., sq. m.; and its population, in 1870, was 9,118; 1867). (For other works on this subject, see but in 1875, it was estimated at 24,000. ENGLISH, THE STUDY OF.) WORKING MEN'S COLLEGE (London). passed by the territorial legislature, which pro Educational History.-In 1869, an act was EGE founded in 1854, resembles, in intention and or- vided for the organization of schools, and this ganization, the Birkbeck Institution, founded in was amended in 1870. At that time, the nun1823. The Rev. F. D. Maurice was its principal ber of schools of all kinds was 9, giving employ. up to the time of his death, in 1872. After a ment to 15 teachers, and instruction to 364 short interval, Thomas Hughes, author of Tom pupils. In 1873, all previous school laws were Brown's School Days, became, and still is, the repealed, and a new law was substituted, under principal. It provides instruction, at the small- which the schools are at present organized. The est possible cost (the teaching being almost first superintendent of public instruction was wholly unpaid), in the subjects with which it J. H. Hayford, who became such in 1869, by most concerns English citizens to be acquainted, virtue of his position as territorial auditor. He and thus tries to place a liberal education with was succeeded, under the last law, by John in the reach of working men. The college is Slaughter, the present incumbent, who, as ter. situated in Great Ormond Street, London. Six ritorial librarian. is, ex officio, superintendent of class rooms have recently been built, at a cost public instruction. of more than £2,400. There is a museum and School System.—The care of the public schools library; and a coffee and conversation room is also of the territory is intrusted to the superintendent provided. Classes are formed in art, history, lan- of public instruction, whose term of office is two guage and literature, mathematics, and physical years, and who, in addition to the usual duties science. These compose the chief work of the pertaining to his office, apportions the school college ; but classes in singing and other sub- fund, and makes a report direct to the assembly, ordinate subjects are also formed. on the first day of each regular session. A The college year commences about the begin- county superintendent is elected biennially in ning of October, and consists of four terms of each county, and three district directors are aneight or nine week each, and a vacation term of nually elected in each district. The duties of eight to ten weeks. The ordinary classes meet these are almost identical with those of similar for one or two hours a week. General lectures officers in other parts of the country. The are delivered on the ordinary subjects of the col- public schools are open to all children between lege on Saturday evenings, to which the public the ages of 7 and 21. When there are 15 or are admitted. There are also practice classes for more colored children in any district, a separate supplementary tuition, conducted for the most school may be organized, for their instruction, part by certificated students.-Other advantages by the district directors and the county superinconnected with the college, are a Natural His- tendent. The schools are supported by a two-mill tory Society and Field Club, which holds weekly tax levied annually in each county, school dismeetings, and arranges geological and botanical tricts assessing themselves for additional amounts excursions ; an adult school, under the special when necessary. In the employment of teachsuperintendence of the secretary, for teaching ers, no discrimination can be legally made on acthe subjects required for entrance to the college; count of sex. All children in good health are and a night school, held twice a week, for boys compelled by law to attend school at least three under 17.— The fees are as low as possible, and months each year. The schools are elementary in the conditions of entry are, that students must be character; but graded schools may be established above 17 years of age, must know the first four in any district, upon the decision, to that effect, rules of arithmetic, and must be able to read and of the district directors and the county superinwrite.—Examinations are held in the last week tendent. The territorial superintendent and the of December. Certificates of honor, and schol- several county superintendents are required to arships or associateships are granted to success- hold annually a teachers' institute, not less than ful candidates who have attended the requisite four por more than ten days in length, at which number of terms. The council of the college is a uniform series of text-books, for three years, composed of founders, teachers, and elected throughout the territory, is designated. The members, among whom are many who originally length of the school year is 10 months. joined it as students. The average number of Educational Condition. — The following are students is 360. At an early date, the college the principal items of school statistics for 1875: was affiliated to the London University, and Number of school-houses... some of the students have taken their degrees. “ pupils enrolled.. 1,222 As the scheme of the Working Men's College Total expenditures.. " teachers.. $16,400 did not admit women, another institution of a Value of school property (not including land). $32,500 similar kind was founded in 1864; and another No provision for superior or special instruction Working Men's College was organized in 1868. I of any kind has yet been made. 13 23 XENIA COLLEGE YALE COLLEGE 867 XENIA COLLEGE, at Xenia, Ohio, char- are also afforded for instruction in music. The tered in 1850, and organized 1851, is under regular tuition fees vary from $26 to $36 a year. Methodist Episcopal control. It was originally In 1875—6, there were 9 professors and other organized for females only, but was soon thrown instructors and 230 students (83 collegiate, 19 open to young men also. It comprises a collegiate preparatory, 30 primary, and 98 normal). Wilcourse (classical and scientific), and a preparatory, Iiam Smith, A. M., is (1877) the president of a primary, and a normal department. Facilities the college. ence. YALE, Elihu, an American merchant, the charge for tuition and incidentals is $140 a year. patron, though not the founder, of Yale College, The sum of $11,000 and upward, derived partly was born in New Haven, April 5., 1648; and died from permanent charitable funds, is annually in London, Eng., July 22., 1721. In 1678, he went applied by the Corporation for the relief of stuto the East Indies, and, from 1687 to 1692, was dents who need pecuniary aid, especially of those governor of Fort St. George, Madras. He was preparing for the Christian ministry. About afterward made governor of the East India 100 thus have their tuition either wholly or in Company, and a fellow of the Royal Society. part remitted. There are two fellowships, the His gifts to the institution which afterwards holders of which are required to pursue nonbore his name, were estimated at £500. At professional post-graduate studies in New Haven. first, only the new building, which had been The catalogue of 1876—7 shows some changes in erected in New Haven, was named after him; the course of studies published in that of 1875—6 but, by the charter of 1745, this title was ex- (from which the statement in the article COLLEGE tended to the whole institution. A synopsis was taken), especially in the greater range of of his life may be found in the Yale Literary elective studies. There are professorships of Magazine, April, 1858. moral philosophy and metaphysics; natural phiYALE COLLEGE, in New Haven, Ct., is losophy and astronomy; geology and mineralogy; one of the oldest and most important educa- Latin language and literature; mathematics; tional institutions in the United States. In Greek language and literature ; rhetoric and 1701, the general assembly granted a charter for English literature ; history; molecular physics a “collegiate school," and the trustees selected and chemistry; modern languages; German Saybrook as its site. The first commencement language and literature; political and social sciwas held in 1702. The instruction seems to The Sheffield Scientific School received have been given partly at Saybrook, and partly its name in 1860, when it was re-organized upon at Killingworth and Milford, where the first a more extensive scale through the munificence two rectors resided. In 1716, the trustees voted of Joseph E. Sheffield, of New Haven. In 1863, to establish the college permanently at New it received the congressional land grant, and beHaven, and, in 1718, a building was completed came the College of Agriculture and the Methere, which, in honor of Elihu Yale, a bene- chanic Arts of Connecticut. The under-graduate factor, was named Yale College, a designation at courses of instruction, occupying three years, are first confined to the building, but authoritatively arranged to suit the requirements of various applied to the institution as a whole, by the new classes of students. The first year's work is the charter of 1745. The principal buildings oc same for all; during the last two years, the incupy a square of about eight acres, west of struction is chiefly arranged in special courses. the public green. They are 16 in number. The The special courses most distinctly marked out two buildings of the Divinity School, the two are the following: (1) in chemistry ; (2) in civil buildings of the Scientific School, and the Med-engineering; (3) in dynamic (or mechanical) enical School are off the main square. The Law gineering; (4) in agriculture; (5) in natural hisSchool is in the county court-house. The in- history; (6) in the subjects preparatory to medvested funds, in 1875, amounted to $1,550,000; ical studies; (7) in studies preparatory to mining the income was $235,465, including $107,000 and metallurgy ; (8) in select studies preparatory from students. The institution possesses valu- to other higher studies. These courses lead to able museums, cabinets, and apparatus. The the degree of Ph. B. The charge for tuition is departments of instruction in Yale College are $150 a year. There are professorships of miner-, comprehended under four divisions, as follows: alogy; civil engineering; astronomy and physics; the faculty of theology (organized in 1822) ; of dynamic engineering; theoretical and agricultural law (1824); of medicine (1812); and of philosophy chemistry ; agriculture ; mathematics; botany; and the arts. Under the last-named faculty are English ; palæontology; political economy and included, the courses for graduate instruction, history; analytical chemistry and metallurgy; the under-graduate academical department, the zoology; chemistry; and comparative anatomy. under-graduate section of the Sheffield Scientific The School of the Fine Arts has for its end the School (1847), and the School of the Fine Arts cultivation and promotion, through practice and (1866) each having a distinct organization. In criticism, of the arts of design; namely, paintthe academical department, the course is for four ing, sculpture, and architecture, both in their aryears, and leads to the degree of A. B. The tistic and esthetic aims. The design is, (1) to pro vide thorough technical instruction in the arts of libraries of the professional schools, 17,000. The painting, sculpture, and architecture; and (2) to Peabody Museum of Natural History was furnish an acquaintance with all branches of founded, in 1866, by George Peabody, by a gift learning relating to the history, theory, and of $150,000. One wing of the building has been practice of art. The course of technical in- completed. In 1876—7, there were 87 instructors struction covers three years. No provision has in all the departments, besides special lecturers. been made for instruction in the departments of The students were as follows: theological, 95; sculpture and architecture; but it is hoped that, law, 60 ; medical, 36; department of philosophy before long, this will be provided. There is a and the arts, 860 (graduate students, 67 ; special professor of painting, a professor of drawing, students, 2; academic under-graduates, 569; sciand an instructor in geometry and perspective. entific, 206; fine arts, 16); total , deducting rep The chairs of sculpture, architecture, and anat- etitions, 1,021. The number of degrees conferred, omy are unfilled. The school is open to both prior to 1875, was 10,605, including 870 honorsexes. The charge for tuition is $36 for three ary degrees; the number of academic alumni months. In the departments of philosophy and was 8,464. The government of the college is adthe arts, there are various post-graduate courses, ministered by the president and 18 fellows, of which may be pursued by candidates for the de- whom the governor and lieutenant-governor of grees of A. M., Ph. D., and civil and dynamical Connecticut are, ex officio, two. Six are elected engineer, or by graduates not candidates for a by the alumni; and the remaining ten, who are further degree. In the theological department, Congregational clergymen, are chosen by the there is no charge for tuition or for room rent. fellows themselves. The rectors and presidents There are several scholarships for the aid of have been as follows: Abraham Pierson, 1701 needy students. In the law department, the -7; Samuel Andrew (pro tem.), 1707—19; under-graduate course is two years. There is a Timothy Cutler, 1719–22; Samuel Andrew post-graduate, course of one year for the degree (pro tem.), 1722—5; Elisha Williams, 1725— of Master of Law, and of two years, for the 39 ; Thomas Clap, 1739—66; Naphtali Dag. degree of Doctor of Civil Law. The libraries of gett, 1766—77; Ezra Stiles, 1777—95 ; Timothy the institution contain 117,000 volumes; namely, Dwight, 1795–1817; Jeremiah Day, 1817–46; college library (exclusive of pamphlets), 80,000 ; Theodore Dwight Woolsey, 1846—71; and Linonian and Brothers (society) library, 20,000; Noah Porter, since 1871. ZOÖLOGY (Gr. Çüov, an animal, and hóyos, elementary instruction in this subject, see How a discourse) treats of the structure, classification, to Teach, N. Y., 1874.) In the higher grades habits, etc., of animals. It is an important of instruction, the three different departments branch of descriptive natural science, or natural of the science - morphology, physiology, and history, and usually forms a part of the course distribution, should systematically be treated. of study in various grades of schools. In ele- In every grade of instruction, however, the mentary instruction, it constitutes, with its sister teacher or professor cannot too closely follow science, botany, one of the most effective and the principle laid down by Huxley : “ The great available subjects for training the observing fac business of the scientific teacher is to imprint ulties; and, hence, is often comprised in the the fundamental, irrefragable facts of his scicourse of instruction prescribed for common ence, not only by words upon the mind, but by schools. This subject has peculiar attractions sensible impressions upon the eye, and ear, and for children ; since, as is well known, they in- touch of the student, in so complete a manner, that variably manifest a deep interest in animal life. every term used, or law enunciated, may afterThe principles by which the teacher should be wards call up vivid images of the particular structguided in giving instruction in this, as in other ural, or other, facts which furnished the demonbranches of natural science. have been to some stration of the law, or the illustration of the term." extent explained in previous articles. (See Moreover, every teacher should bear in mind that Astronomy, and Botany.) In teaching zoology, a good share of his own knowledge should be at care must be particularly taken to exhibit as first-hand-acquired by his own observation, not much as possible the natural objects themselves ; simply gleaned from books or he will not sucand, in elementary teaching, this comes first. ceed in awakening an interest in the minds of That is to say, the pupils are not to be required his pupils. The proper method of teaching this to commit to memory dry definitions and for- subject has been clearly shown by one of its greatmulated statements; but their minds should be est masters. (See Huxley, On the Study of Zoolbrought in contact with the living realities. ogy, in The Culture demanded by Modern Life, (For a full synopsis of topics and methods for N. Y., 1867.) (See SCIENCE, THE TEACHING OF.) THE END. ANALYTICAL INDEX. see Abacus-1 Arkansas Industrial University- 48 Army Schools see Military Schools Analysis, Grammatical-definition Arndt, E. M.-49 as a mode of teaching, 27; diagram Arnold, Thomas K.-50 system, 28 Art-Education - necessity of, con- dition of among the ancients, po- Mathematics litical value of, 50; history of in Analytic Method of Teaching—28. the U. S., methods of art-instruc- See also 336 tion, 51; art-schools in the U. 8., Andreæ, J. V.-reforms introduced table of art institutions in the by, 28 U. S.; instruction in drawing, meaning, 2 ; secondary meaning, tions of by other languages, pe schools, importance of art-edu. mon schools, 29; in the high Artisans, Education of —see Tech- from culture, kinds of, 3; tend schools, in colleges and univer Arts, Liberal-53 of, 31 Association of Ideas-54 Astronomy-claims of in education, 54; practical uses of proper method of teaching, elementary Aphorisms, Educational -value of course in, 55; diagrams and ap- education, 32; scope of education, paratus, religious aspects, 56 in Austria, in the United States, 5 and habit, development of the Athens — Athenian education dis- faculties, language,self-education, tinguished from Spartan, gram- ink and stylus, 56; music, gym- nastics, baths, education of girls Apportionment-see School Fund and orphans, 57 Atlanta University—57 Atlas-57 Attendance, School - annual aver- Architecture, School-Bee School age, how found, 57 ; table of, in House the U. 8., school age in different 59 schools, 11; statistical table, 12, 13 teacher of Alexander, the peri the chief agent, not to be ex- patetic school, method of teach. ercised too long. memory de- ing, theory of education, ante pendent upon, 59: attention de- cational history, state superin cator, when instruction begins, tion, proper time for its exercise, 60 olent exercises opposed to Augustine, Saint – his early life, political economy, works of Aris Confessions, objects to the use of totle, 40. See also 32, 33, 34, 471 the pagan classics in schools, lays Arithmetic-faulty method of teach. the foundation of Episcopal sem- ing, 40; what should constitute inaries, 60; and of Christian cat- the course in, 41; principles and echetics, 61. See also 61, 185, 204 maxims to be kept in view, 13; Austin College-61 reasong for the rule in short di Australasian Colonies - area and sketch, influence on education, 18 metic, 44; stages of mental de New South Wales, Victoria, 61; velopment to be kept in view in South Australia, West Australia, Queensland, Tasmania, New Zea- system, school statistics, 64; edu- Arkansas-organization, and admis cational periodicals, 65 sion as a state, educational his. Authority-its twofold application, tory, 46; state teachers' associa its dual nature, limits of, mode bets, etc., origin of the English school statistics, present law; its use in intellectual instruc- 375 15 ; see Bacchants-67. See also 1 California methods of instruction,86; music, instruction, list of colleges and appointed lord high chancellor, and discipline, systems of print teachers' associations, 112 ; edu- cational literature, 113 California College-113 Christ's California, University of–113 Calisthenics - definition of, 113: Board of Education-see School value of, proper time for, precau- Board tions to be taken, 114 Boarding-school--its status in dif Calisthenlum-114 ferent countries, relation to pub. Calligraphy-see Penmanship Cambridge, University of-history, terms, members of colleges, de grees, examinations, triposes, local examinations, names of col- Book-keeping-single and double leges, under-graduates, university entry, 89; philosophy of, increase buildings, 115; societies, 116 ories and works, 116 Canada, Dominion of-116 tions, 93 Carthage College-117 Catechetical Method - its limits, true uses, superseded by the method of studying, 95; simplic- Catechetical School - see Alexan- cational views and publications, tematic botany, herbarium, mi Catechism - definition and origin, Cathedral and Collegiate Schools Boys, Education of-objects to be -their history, 118; scope of, kept in view, 97; systems of the decline of, 119 ancients, Cyropadia, Spartan sys. Cecilian College--119 tem, custos or padagogus, ludi Census, School-see School Census magister, Institutiones Oratoriæ, 98; Centenary College--119 training and instruction in mod. Central America---area and popula- educational history, primary and inating between the sexes, re Guatemala, Honduras, 119; San Rica, 20 Central College-120 Central Tennessee College-120 Central University-120 Chapsal, c. P.-121 in, 78; order in which the es tion, educational history and lect of, harm resulting thereby, mass, temperament, how to dis- - his educational private seminaries and Charleston, College of_123 Chart-123 Cheever, Ezekiel-his life, 123; his work and characteristics, 124 Cheke, Sir John-124 Buffalo-population,educational his Chemistry-its practical value, habit origin, peculiar features of in system, educational condition, ods, lectures, text-book study, ar tional experiments, 126 ; proper method illustrated, 127 Bureau of Education, National - Chicago-population, school statis. its organization, objects, officers, tics and system, 128; examins and functions, 107 tion, licensing, and appointment of teachers, salaries of teachers, private schools, 129 Chicago, University of-129 Business Colleges-their origin and Childhood-see Age tional condition, primary instruc- tion, school statistics, 130; second- ary, superior, and special instruc- Cadet - see Military Schools and tion, 131 Naval Schools China Proper-area and population, early history, religion, alphabet, al history, 110; state superin tion, primary schools, 132: lect- of the blind, first public asylum educational condition; normal fluence of Europeans on Chinese Uses, 84 |