MOVEMENTS AFFECTING THE RELATIONS OF CANADA AND NEWFOUNDLAND WITH THE UNITED STATES-Continued. 20. Treaty of 1854 abrogated by the United States to force the British North American Provinces into the American Union... 1866 21. Confederation of the British North American Provinces, by which free trade is established among them 22. Canadian Customs Act of 1868 provides for free entry of United States natural products on condition of the United States reciprocating 23. Washington Treaty of 1871 comes into force July ... 24. Hon. George Brown goes to Washington, and in conjunction with the British Minister there, and with Mr. Fish on the part of the United States, prepares a treaty which received the support of the President, but was strangled in secret session of the United States Senate. The draft treaty admitted certain United States manufactures into Canada, but it did not discriminate against British manufactures, which were also to be admitted into Canada free to the same extent as United States manufactures. 25. National Policy adopted by the Canadian Confederation 26. Abrogation by the United States of the fisheries clauses of the Treaty of 1871, BOND-BLAINE CONVENTION. 28. Under this convention it was proposed to give (1) United States fishing vessels entering the waters of Newfoundland (a) the privilege of purchasing bait fish at all times on same terms and conditions and subject to same penalties as Newfoundland vessels; (b) privilege of touching and trading, selling oil and fish and procuring supplies; (c) special tariff rates for goods imported from the United States into the island (see Sessional Papers, 1892, No. 23c, page 58); (2) Newfoundland, entrance free of duty into the United States of all products of her fisheries, excepting " green codfish." The arrangement fell through on account of opposition from Canada. 1867 1868 1873 1874 1879 1885 1886 1890 19. The following are descriptions of the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba, so far as they have been settled : Quebec was first bounded in 1763, in a proclamation by the King of Great Britain, dated 7th of October of that year. The proclamation reads: "First the Government of Quebec, bounded on the Labrador Coast by the river St. John, and thence by a line drawn from the head of that river through the Lake St. John to the south end of the Lake Nipissim from whence the said line, crossing the River St. Lawrence and the Lake Champlain in 45 degrees of north latitude, passes along the islands which divide the rivers that empty themselves into the said River St. Lawrence from those which fall into the sea; and also along the north shore of the Baie des Chaleurs and the coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Cape Rosieres, and from thence crossing the mouth of the River St. Lawrence by the west end of the Island of Anticosti, terminates at the aforesaid River St. John." By the same proclamation all the coast from the River St. John to Hudson Straits, together with the Islands of Anticosti and Magdaline, and all other smaller islands lying upon the said coast, were placed under the care and inspection of the Governor of Newfoundland. The islands of St. John (now Prince Edward) and Cape Breton were at the same time annexed to Nova Scotia. Anticosti was subsequently separated from Newfoundland and placed under the jurisdiction of the Province of Canada. BOUNDARIES OF ONTARIO. Sir John Macdonald, in the session of 1889, introduced and carried a resolution for an address to Her Majesty to cause a measure to be introduced into the Parliament of the United Kingdom, declaring the westerly, northerly and easterly boundaries of Ontario. The Imperial Parliament, in session of 1889, passed an Act in accordance with the address to the Queen by the Canadian Parliament. The boundaries are defined in the Imperial Act as follows: " Commencing at the point where the International Boundary between the United States of America and Canada strike the western shores of Lake Superior; thence westerly along the said boundary to the north-west angle of the Lake of the Woods; thence along a line drawn due north until it strikes the middle line of the course of the river discharging the waters of the lake called Lac Seul, or the Lonely Lake, whether above or be low its confluence with the stream flowing from the Lake of the Woods towards Lake Winnipeg, and thence proceeding eastward from the point at which the beforementioned line strikes the middle line of the course of the river last aforesaid, along the middle line of the course of the same river (whether called by the name of the English River or, as to the part below the confluence, by the name of the River Winnipeg) up to Lac Seul, or the Lonely Lake, and thence along the middle line of Lonely Lake to the head of that lake, and thence by a straight line to the nearest point to the middle line of the waters of lake St. Joseph, and thence along that middle line until it reaches the foot or outlet of that lake, and thence along the middle line of the river by which the waters of lake St. Joseph discharge themselves to the shore of the part of Hudson Bay commonly known as Jaines' Bay, and thence south-easterly following upon the said shore to a point where a line drawn due north from the head of Lake Temiscamingue would strike it, and thence due south along the said line to the head of the said lake, and thence through the middle channel of said lake into the Ottawa River. Boundaries between Ontario and Manitoba settled by decision of English Privy Coun cil, announced 22nd July, 1884, confirmed by Her Majesty in Council, August 11th, 1884. CHAPTER II. The Canadian Constitution.-Subjects assigned to Federal Parliament and to Provincial Legislatures.-Senate and House of Commons. -Franchise. -Elections.-Standing Committees.--Local Legislatures.-Municipal Institutions.-Judiciary.-Unorganized Territory.-Genesis of Confederation.-List of Governors General since Confederation.-List of Members of Privy Council.-Treaties.-Indian Treaties. 20. The system of government established in Canada under the Union Act of 1867 is a Federal Union (the first of the kind in the British Empire), having a general or central government controlling all matters essential to the general development, the permanency and the unity of the whole Dominion, and a number of local or provincial governments having the control and management of certain matters naturally and conveniently falling within their defined jurisdiction, while each government is administered in accordance with the British system of parliamentary institutions. By this Act the Imperial Parliament practically gave to the Dominion Parliament the largest possible rights which can be exercised by a dependency of legislating on all matters of importance to the Union generally. The position that Canada consequently occupies is that of a semi-independent power. The powers vested in the Parliament of Canada are set forth in the 91st section of the Confederation Act, which provides that the Queen, with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons, may "make laws for the peace, order and good government of Canada in relation to all matters not coming within the classes of subjects by this Act assigned exclusively to the Legislatures of the Provinces "; and for greater certainty it is declared that "the exclusive legislative authority of the Parliament of Canada extends to all matters coming within the classes of subjects next hereinafter mentioned," that is to say : 1. The public debt and property. 2. The regulation of trade and commerce. 3. The raising of money by any mode or system of taxation. 4. The borrowing of money on the public credit. 5. Postal service. 6. The census and statistics. 7. Militia, military and naval service and defence. 8. The fixing of and providing for the salaries and allowances of civil and other officers of the Government of Canada. 9. Beacons, buoys, lighthouses and Sable Island. 10. Navigation and shipping. 11. Quarantine and the establishment and maintenance of marine hospitals. 12. Sea coast and inland fisheries. 13. Ferries between a province and any British or foreign country, or between two provinces. 14. Currency and coinage. 15. Banking, incorporation of banks and the issue of paper money. 16. Savings banks. 17. Weights and measures. 18. Bills of exchange and promissory notes. 19. Interest. 20. Legal tender. 21. Bankruptcy and insolvency. 22. Patents of invention and discovery. 23. Copyrights. 24. Indians and the lands reserved for the Indians. 25. Naturalization of aliens. 26. Marriage and divorce. 27. Criminal law, except the constitution of courts of criminal jurisdiction, but including the procedure in criminal matters. 28. The establishment, maintenance and management of penitentiaries. 29. Such cases of subjects as are expressly excepted in the enumeration of the classes of subjects by this Act assigned exclusively to the legislatures of the provinces. 21. The 92nd section the Act defines the powers of the local legislatures, which in each province may exclusively make laws in relation to matters coming within classes of subjects next hereinafter enumerated, that 1. The amendment from time to time, notwithstanding anything in this Act, of the constitution of the province, except as regards the office of Lieutenant-Governor. 2. Direct taxation within the province, in order to the raising of a revenue for provincial purposes. 3. The borrowing of money on the sole credit of the province. 4. The establishment and tenure of provincial offices and the appointment and payment of provincial officers. 5. The management and sale of the public lands belonging to the province, and of the timber and wood thereon. 6. The establishment, maintenance and management of public and reformatory prisons in and for the province. 7. The establishment, maintenance and management of hospitals, asylumns, charities, eleemosynary institutions in and for the province, other than marine hospitals. 8. Municipal institutions in the province. 9. Shop, saloon, tavern, auctioneer and other licenses, in order to the raising of a revenue for provincial, local or municipal purposes. 10. Local works and undertakings other than such as are of the following classes : a. Lines of steam or other ships, railways, canals, telegraph or other works and undertakings connecting the provinces with any other or others of the provinces or extending beyond the limits of the province. b. Lines of steamships between the provinces and any British or foreign country. c. Such works as, although wholly situated within the province, are, before or after their execution, declared by the Parliament of Canada to be for the general advantage of Canada, or for the advantage of two or more of the provinces. 11. The incorporation of companies with provincial objects. 12. The solemnization of marriage in the province 13. Property and civil rights in the province. 14. The administration of justice in the province, including the constitution, maintenance and organization of the provincial courts, both of civil and of criminal jurisdiction, and including procedure in these courts. 15. The imposition of punishment, by fine, penalty or imprisonment for enforcing any law of the province made in relation to any matter coming within any of the classes of subjects enumerated in this section. 16. Generally all matters of a merely local or private nature in the province. 22. Section 93 provides that in and for each province the legislature may exclusively make laws in relation to education, subject and according to the following provisions : : a. Nothing in any such law shall prejudicially affect any right or privilege with respect to denominational schools which any class of person have by law in the province at the Union. b. All the powers, privileges and duties at the Union by law conferred and imposed in Upper Canada (now Ontario) on the separate schools and school trustees of the Queen's Roman Catholic subjects, shall be and the same are hereby extended to the dissentient schools of the Queen's Protestant and Roman Catholic subjects in Quebec. c. Where in any province a system of separate or dissenting schools exists by law at the Union, or is thereafter established by the legislature of the province, an appeal shall lie to the Governor General in Council from any act or decision of any provincial authority affecting any right or privilege of the Protestant or Roman Catholic minority of the Queen's subjects in relation to education. d. In case any such provincial law as from time to t me seems to the Governor General in Council requisite for the due execution of the provisions of this section is not made, or in case any decision of the Governor General in Council on any appeal under this section is not duly executed by the proper provincial authority in that behalf, then, and in every such case, and as far only as the circumstances of each case require, the Parliament of Canada may make remedial laws for the due execution of the provisions of this section and of any decision of the Governor General in Council under this section. 23. There are certain rights which the Dominion and Local Gove may exercise in common, among which are public health, agricul |