westerly to the east end of Cross Lake; thence north-westerly crossing Fox's Lake; thence north-westerly to the north end of Split Lake; thence south-westerly to Pipe Stone Lake on Burnt Wood River; thence southwesterly to the north shore of Beaver Lake; thence south-westerly to the west end of Cumberland Lake; thence due south to the Saskatchewan River; thence due south to the north-west corner of the northern limits of Treaty No. 4, including all territory within the said limits, and all islands in all lakes within the said limits, it being also understood that in all cases where lakes form the treaty limits, ten miles from the shore of the lake should be included in the treaty. The considerations being: (a) Three reserves of 160 acres for each family of five, and similar proportions for larger and smaller families. (b) Maintenance of schools. (c) Prohibition of sale or introduction of intoxicating liquors in such reserves. Hunting and fishing rights. (e) Payment to the Indians for any lands appropriated by the Government of Canada for public purposes, within the reserves. (f) Payment of an annuity of $5 to each Indian person. (g) Expenditure of $500 a year for the purchase of ammunition and twine for nets. (h) Agricultural implements, seed wheat, barley, potatoes, oats and farm animals, same as given in the other treaties, and given once for all. (i) Annual salary of $25 to each chief, and to three subordinate officers in each band, of $15; a suit of clothes once in three years to each chief, and subordinate officers to the number limited, and a flag and medal to each chief.

(d)

(Memo. The Salteaux Indians residing at the mouth of the Saskatchewan River gave in their adhesion to the Treaty [No. 5], 27th September, 1875.)

In 1876, adhesion to this treaty was given in by the Indians of the Dog Head, Blood Vein River, Big Island and Jackfish Head bands on Lake Winnipeg, and of the Island and Grand Rapids of the Berens River band, and of the Pas, Cumberland and Moose Lake bands on the Saskatchewan River.

132. In addition to these treaties there are some 1,540 treaties, surrenders, provisional and confirmatory, under which lands have been transferred, in the several provinces of the Dominion, to the Crown, by the Indians.

Some of these treaties and surrenders are very old. Thus No. 239, being articles of submission and agreement made at Boston, in New England, bears date 15th December, 1725, and contains the acknowledgment of the submission of the Indians of Nova Scotia, or Acadia, and New England to King George II., in connection with the Treaty of Utrecht, 1713. "Signed, sealed and delivered in the presence of the Great and General Court or Assembly of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, and ratified at the Fort of Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia," and bearing the traces of the fine work of Paul Mascerene.

Another is the Treaty of 1727- -a treaty of alliance, offensive and defensive, between the English and the Indians, done at the Conference of Casco Bay, and signed on behalf of King George by Wm. Dummer, LieutenantGovernor of the Massachusetts Bay, J. Wentworth, Lieutenant-Governor of New Hampshire, and P. Mascerene, Commissioner for the Government of Nova Scotia.

A third is the renunciation by the "Chippewas," through their representatives and chiefs, to King George III., of the Island of Michilimakinak, called by the Canadians "La Grosse Isle," the consideration money being "£5,000, New York currency," the Indians promising to preserve in our village a belt of wampum of seven feet in length, to perpetuate, secure, and be a lasting memorial of the said transactions to our nation for ever hereafter." The date is 12th May, 1781.

A fourth, dated 1790, conveys the area out of which have been cut the counties of Essex and Kent, and portions of Elgin and Middlesex and Lambton. The grantors are the principal village and war chiefs of the Ottawa, Chippewa, Pottowatomy and Huron Indian nations of Detroit. The conveyance is to King George III., payment of the consideration money, £1,200, Halifax currency, in valuable wares and merchandise, being made by Alexander McKee, Deputy Agent of Indian Affairs.

Among the valuable wares and merchandises given to the Indians were 840 pairs of blankets, ranging in price from 4/9 a pair to 12/; 35 pieces of strouds, @67/0; 140 yards of scarlet cloth, @ 8; 12 pieces of cadies, 420 yards, (@2/6; 26 pieces Embolton linen, 96 yards, @ 15/03; 50 gross ribbons, 10/6; 100 pounds vermillion, @4; 1 dozen black silk handkerchiefs; 40 nests of tin kettles; 60 guns, @ 20/6; 20 rifles, @ 50 ; 1,000 pounds ball and shot, @21/ per 100 lbs. ; 2,000 flints, @ 10 per 1,000; 30 dozen looking glasses, @3/ per doz.; 10 pairs callemaneon, @ 21/; 1,000 fish hooks, 22/6; 39 gallons rum, @ 3/9; 400 pounds tobacco, @@ 1/3; 24 laced hats, @@ 20/; 11 gross pipes, @ 1/6; 600 pounds brass kettles, @1/3 per pound, &c.

Among the early documents is one from Louis XIV., dated 29th May, 1680, granting the land called Le Sault, near the St. Louis rapids, to the Jesuits, for the use of the Iroquois settled there. The grant" most expressly prohibits and forbids the French, who may live with or go among the said Iroquois and other Indian nations, who may settle on the said land called Le Sault, from having and keeping any cattle, and all persons from keeping any public house among the dwellings of the said Iroquois, which may be built on the said land."

CHAPTER III.

Physical Features.-Area.-Climate.-Meteorological Tables, &c., &c.

133. A glance at the map of North America will show a vast body of water called Hudson Bay, the extreme southerly prolongation of which-James Bay-pierces the Dominion (the distance between it and Lake Superior being under 350 miles), and becomes a central point from which Canada stretches its huge extent in every direction. To the south and south-east lies the great woodland region comprising the Provinces of Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario. In this region for a couple of centuries the forests have been attacked by armies of lumbermen hewing down the trees for export and for home uses or clearing the ground for agricultural pursuits.

To the east and north-east is the north-east fur territory whose vast dimensions are illustrated by the fact that Moose Fort on James Bay is as far from the most easterly point of the Labrador Coast as it is from South Carolina.

134. To the west and south-west lies the great prairie region comprising Manitoba and the four provisional districts of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Assiniboia and Athabasca.

135. To the north-west are Keewatin and the Peace and Mackenzie River districts-the land of furs and fish, while beyond the prairie region, still further west, is the mountain region of Canada, embracing the Rocky, the Selkirk and the Gold ranges of mountains.

136. From the 85th degree of longitude the country stretches west to the 130th, and east to the 42nd-45 degrees on the one side and 43 degrees on the other side.

North and south the country stretches from 51st degree of latitude, south to the 42nd, and north to the Frozen Sea.

Speaking generally, the country is divided into the basin of Hudson Bay and those of the Peace, the Mackenzie, the St. Lawrence and the St. John Rivers, and the two slopes of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

The basin of Hudson Bay is the largest, being over 2,000,000 square miles in extent. One obtains an idea of this extent from the fact that all Europe outside of Russia could be put there with room enough left to pack away in it the States of Texas and New York.

The St. Lawrence Basin covers 530,000 square miles, of which 460,000 square miles are in Canada.

The Mackenzie Basin has an area of 550,000 square miles. The St. John Basin and the Atlantic Slope together have an area of 50,214 square miles, and the Pacific Slope one of 341,303 square miles, traversed by the Columbia, the Fraser and other large rivers.

137. The Dominion of Canada, with these great subdivisions, has an area of about 3,456,383 square miles, of which 3,315,647 are land surface and 140,736 water surface. It is about 3,500 miles from east to west and 1,400 miles from north to south. It comprises the whole of the northern half of North America with the exception, on the west, of Alaska, which belongs to the United States, and on the east, of Labrador, which is under the jurisdiction of Newfoundland. It is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the west by the territory of Alaska and the Pacific Ocean, on the east by the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Labrador, and on the south by the Atlantic Ocean and the United States of America. This latter boundary, starting from the Atlantic sea board, commences at the mouth of the St. Croix River, which empties into the Bay of Fundy, then follows this river and Lake Chiputnecook and passes due north till it strikes the St. John River; thence by that river and one of its western branches it reaches the water-shed between the St. Lawrence and the Atlantic, which it follows by a tortuous south-westerly course to the 45th parallel of north latitude, in longitude 71' 30" west; thence by this parallel it passes westward to the St. Lawrence and along mid-channel of that river and of the Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron and the main portion of Lake Superior to the mouth of Pigeon River; thence, by it and Rainy River, it gains the north-west angle of the Lake of the Woods; thence it follows the 49th parallel to the Gulf of Georgia, and thence passes by Haro Straits and the Straits of Fuca to the Pacific Ocean. The length of this frontier line from ocean to ocean is 3,000 geographical miles, 1,400 miles being a water line by river, lake and sea, and 1,600 miles a boundary by land. In addition to this boundary between Canada and the United States there is the boundary between Canada and Alaska (belonging to the United States by purchase from Russia in 1867). This line is in process of delimitation by joint commission.

138. It is difficult to convey an adequate conception of the vastness of the country. England, Scotland and Wales together form an area of 88,000 square miles. Forty such areas could be cut out of Canada. New South Wales contains 309,175 square miles and is larger by 162 square miles than France, Italy and Sicily. Canada would make eleven countries the size of New South Wales. In extent there are three British Indies in Canada and still enough left over to make a Queensland and a Victoria. The German Empire could be carved out of Canada and fifteen more countries of the same size, with still room enough to fill in corners with Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Servia and Switzerland. Ireland could then be accommodated and yet a patch left large enough for Delaware and Connecticut. Canada is the largest of all the British possessions, being over 30 per cent of the area of the British Empire, which is officially stated to be 11,400,000 square miles, inclusive of protectorates. The Continent of Australia, with Tasmania and New Zealand added, is the next largest, being about 294,800 square miles less than Canada. The combined area of Canada and Australia, including British New Guiana, comprises nearly 70 per cent of the British Empire.

Mr. E. G. Ravenstein estimates the world's area at 51,250,800 square miles and the world's population at 1,467,920,000. Canada covers one

fifteenth part of the area and contains under one three-hundredth part of the population.

139. The following are the areas of the several provinces and districts of the Dominion:

:

*The area of the Province of Manitoba was originally 123,200 square miles, but a large portion was taken away and added to the district of Keewatin and to Ontario in 1883.

140. By Proclamation, 2nd Oct., 1895, the unorganized and unnamed Territories were divided into provisional districts for postal and other purposes, and four such districts were established, viz. :—

1. The District of Ungava, bounded on the north by Hudson Strait; on the west by the east coast of Hudson Bay and James Bay; on the south by the Province of Quebec, and on the east by the boundary between Canada and the dependency of Newfoundland on the Labrador Coast-all islands within a distance of 3 miles from the shores of Hudson Strait, Hudson Bay and James Bay to be included.

2. The District of Franklin, beginning at Cape Best, at the entrance to Hudson Strait from the Atlantic; thence westerly, through said strait, Fox Channel, Gulf of Boothia, Franklin Strait, Ross Strait, Simpson Strait, Victoria Strait, Dease Strait, Coronation Gulf and Dolphin and Union Strait to a point in the Arctic Seas in longitude about 125° 30' west and latitude about 71 degrees north; thence northerly, including Baring Land, Prince Patrick Island and the Polynea Islands; thence north-easterly to the "farthest of Commander Markham's and Lieut. Parr's sledge journey" in 1876, in longitude about 63 degrees west and latitude about 831 degrees north; thence southerly through Robeson's Channel, Kennedy Channel, Smith Sound, Baffin Bay and Davis Strait to the beginning.