(b) Flap settings resulting in unsafe characteristics. If improper setting of the flaps can result in dangerous characteristics, a suitable item should be included in the "operating limitations" section of the Flight Manual, and on a placard in view of the pilot.

Typical examples of "dangerous characteristics" would be cases in which a flap take-off setting less than that marked on the flap indicator would cause unusual difficulty in take-off by greatly extending the take-off distance, or affecting controllability (e. g., porpoising, or inability to raise nose wheel). Reasonable and gradual variations in performance with change in flap setting would not be considered dangerous. Cases of obvious pilot error need not be considered such as take-off with flaps in landing setting, provided the pertinent settings are adequately marked on the flap indicator.

[Supp. 10, 16 F. R. 3292, Apr. 14, 1951]

INSTRUMENT MARKINGS

§ 3.756 Instrument markings.

The instruments listed in §§ 3.7573.761 shall have the following limitations marked thereon. When these markings are placed on the cover glass of the instrument, adequate provision shall be made to maintain the correct alignment of the glass cover with the face of the dial. All arcs and lines shall be of sufficient width and so located as to be clearly and easily visible to the pilot.

§ 3.757 Air-speed indicator.

(a) Calibrated air speed shall be used: (1) The never-exceed speed, Vne-a radial red line (see § 3.739).

(2) The caution range-a yellow arc extending from the red line in (1) above to the upper limit of the green arc specified in (3) below.

(3) The normal operating range-a green arc with the lower limit at V. as determined in § 3.82 with maximum weight, landing gear and wing flaps retracted, and the upper limit at the maximum structural cruising speed established in § 3.740.

(4) The flap operating range a white arc with the lower limit at Vs, as determined in § 3.82 at the maximum weight, and the upper limit at the flapsextended speed in § 3.742.

(b) When the never-exceed and maximum structural cruising speeds vary with

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altitude, means shall be provided which will indicate the appropriate limitations to the pilot throughout the operating altitude range.

[21 F.R. 3339, May 22, 1956, as amended by Amdt. 3-5, 24 F.R. 7067, Sept. 1, 1959] § 3.757-1 White arc on air-speed indicator (FAA interpretations which apply to 3.757(a) (4)).

The white arc on the air-speed indicator should extend to the "basic" flaps extended speed specified in § 3.742. Additional combinations of flap setting, airspeed and power established in accordance with § 3.742 should be listed in the airplane flight manual and may be listed on a placard if the manufacturer desires.

[Supp. 10, 16 F. R. 3293, Apr. 14, 1951] § 3.758 Magnetic direction indicator.

A placard shall be installed on or in close proximity to the magnetic direction indicator which contains the calibration of the instrument in a level flight attitude with engine (s) operating and radio receiver(s) on or off (which shall be stated). The calibration readings shall be those to known magnetic headings in not greater than 30-degree increments.

§ 3.759

Powerplant instruments.

All required powerplant instruments shall be marked with a red radial line at the maximum and minimum (if applicable) indications for safe operation. The normal operating ranges shall be marked with a green arc which shall not extend beyond the maximum and minimum limits for continuous operation. Take-off and precautionary ranges shall be marked with a yellow arc. Ranges of engine speed which are restricted as a result of excessive engine or propeller vibration shall be marked with a red arc.

§ 3.759-1 Powerplant instrument markings (FAA interpretations which apply to § 3.759).

(a) Where the propeller is restricted against operation in a definite r.p.m. range, because of vibrating stress considerations, such restrictions should be indicated by a red arc on the tachometer extending from the low to the high engine r.p.m. speeds corresponding to the restricted propeller speed r.p.m. ranges. This policy follows the general practice

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of the regulations in prescribing the use of red markings instead of yellow markings in indicating restrictions that are more than precautionary.

(b) Tachometer dial should not be marked to indicate restricted operating range due to propeller vibratory stress considerations when this consideration applies only under certain conditions such as when landing gear is extended. It is considered satisfactory for a placard covering such restricted ranges to be provided.

[Supp. 10, 16 F. R. 3293, Apr. 14, 1951]

§ 3.760 Oil quantity indicators.

Indicators shall be suitably marked in sufficient increments so that they will readily and accurately indicate the quantity of oil.

§ 3.761

Fuel quantity indicator.

When the unusable fuel supply for any tank exceeds 1 gallon or 5 percent of the tank capacity, whichever is greater, a red band shall be placed on the indicator extending from the calibrated zero reading (see § 3.437) to the lowest reading obtainable in the level flight attitude, and a suitable notation in the Airplane Flight Manual shall be provided to indicate to the flight personnel that the fuel remaining in the tank when the quantity indicator reaches zero cannot be used safely in flight. (See § 3.672.)

All cockpit controls, with the exception of the primary flight controls, shall be plainly marked as to their function and method of operation.

§ 3.762-1 Marking of button-type starter switches (FAA interpretations which apply to § 3.762).

Simple pushbutton type starter switches need not be marked to indicate method of operation.

[Supp. 10, 16 F. R. 3293, Apr. 14, 1951]

§ 3.763 Aerodynamic controls.

The secondary controls shall be suitably marked to comply with §§ 3.337 and 3.338.

$ 3.764 Powerplant fuel controls.

(a) Controls for fuel tank selector valves shall be marked to indicate the position corresponding to each tank and to all existing cross feed positions.

(b) When more than one fuel tank is provided, and if safe operation depends upon the use of tanks in a specific sequence, the fuel tank selector controls shall be marked adjacent to or on the control to indicate to the flight personnel the order in which the tanks must be used.

(c) On multiengine airplanes, controls for engine valves shall be marked to indicate the position corresponding to each engine.

(d) The usable capacity of each tank shall be indicated adjacent to or on the fuel tank selector control.

§ 3.765 Accessory and auxiliary controls.

(a) When a retractable landing gear is used, the indicator required in § 3.359 shall be marked in such a manner that the pilot can ascertain at all times when the wheels are secured in the extreme positions.

(b) Emergency controls shall be colored red and clearly marked as to their method of operation.

MISCELLANEOUS

§ 3.766 Baggage compartments, ballast location, and special seat loading limitations.

(a) Each baggage or cargo compartment and ballast location shall bear a placard which states the maximum allowable weight of contents and, if applicable, any special limitation of contents due to loading requirements, etc.

(b) When the maximum permissible weight to be carried in a seat is less than 170 pounds (see § 3.74), a placard shall be permanently attached to the seat structure which states the maximum allowable weight of occupants to be carried.

§ 3.767

Fuel, oil, and coolant filler openings.

The following information shall be marked on or adjacent to the filler cover in each case:

(a) The word "fuel," the minimum permissible fuel grade or designation for the engines installed, and the usable fuel tank capacity. (See § 3.437.)

(b) The word "oil" and the oil tank capacity.

(c) The name of the proper coolant fluid and the capacity of the coolant system.

[21 F.R. 3339, May 22, 1956, as amended by Amdt. 3-7, 27 F.R. 3164, Apr. 3, 1962]

§ 3.768 Emergency exit placards.

Emergency exit placards and operating controls shall be colored red. A placard shall be located adjacent to the control(s) which clearly indicates it to be an emergency exit and describes the method of operation. (See § 3.387.) §3.769 Approved flight maneuvers.

(a) Category N. A placard shall be provided in front of and in clear view of the pilot stating: "No acrobatic maneuvers including spins approved."

§3.772 Types of operation placard.

A placard shall be provided in clear view of the pilot which specifies the type of operations (e.g., VFR, IFR, day or night) and the meteorological conditions (e.g., icing conditions) to which the operation of the airplane is limited by the equipment installed. (See $3.750 and 3.778(h).)

[Amdt. 3-7, 27 F.R. 3165, Apr. 3, 1962] AIRPLANE FLIGHT MANUAL

Airplane Flight Manual.

(a) All airplanes. An airspeed placard shall be provided, in clear view of the pilot and as close as practicable to the airspeed indicator. The placard shall list the following:

(1) Maximum speed for landing gear operation; and maximum speed with landing gear extended, if the airplane is equipped with retractable landing gear;

(2) Design maneuvering speed (Vp) (see 3.184);

(3) Minimum control speed (Vmc) (see § 3.111); and

(4) The demonstrated crosswind velocity (see § 3.145).

(b) Airplanes weighing more than 6,000 pounds. The placard prescribed in paragraph (a) of this section shall also include:

(1) Recommended climb speed; (2) Best angle-of-climb speed; (3) Engine-inoperative-climb speed; and

(4) Approach speeds.

[Amdt. 3-7, 27 F.R. 3164, Apr. 3, 1962]

(a) An Airplane Flight Manual shall be furnished with each airplane, having a maximum certificated weight of more than 6,000 pounds. The portions of this document listed below shall be verified and approved by the Administrator, and shall be segregated, identified, and clearly distinguished from portions not so approved. Additional items of information having a direct and important bearing on safe operation may be required by the Administrator when unusual design, operating, or handling characteristics so warrant.

(b) For airplanes having a maximum certificated weight of 6,000 pounds or less an Airplane Flight Manual is not required; instead, the information prescribed in this part for inclusion in the Airplane Flight Manual shall be made available to the operator by the manufacturer in the form of clearly stated placards, markings, or manuals. §3.777-1 Preparation of airplane flight

manuals for airplanes in the normal, utility, and acrobatic categories (FAA policies which apply to § 3.777).

(a) General. This section outlines an acceptable arrangement for the Airplane Flight Manual as required by § 3.777. It should be noted that the items outlined below for inclusion in the document will not all be necessary for a given airplane, and the Federal Aviation Agency is desirous of holding the document to the smallest practicable amount of material. Only the material required by this part should be included in the Federal Aviation Agency approved portion of the manual. However, if desired, the manufacturer may add other data in a distinctly separate section in the same cover. The portion of the material that is to be approved by the Federal Aviation Agency must be so marked and clearly separated from any other material so

that no one could easily err in regard to the part that is approved.

(b) Pages; size, binding, etc. The page size for the Airplane Flight Manual will be left to the decision of the manufacturer. Some sort of a cover should be provided where more than one page is involved and should indicate the nature of the contents with the following title: "Airplane Flight Manual." Each page of the approved portion should bear the notation "FAA Approved" and the date of issuance. The material should be bound in some semipermanent fashion so that pages will not easily be lost, but should be so bound that revised pages can be inserted. In the case of small airplanes where the document consists of only one or two pages, superseding the entire document would be preferable to issuing revised pages. The aircraft specification will identify the manual by the approval date, and when different versions of the airplane (skiplanes, seaplanes, etc.) are covered in separate manuals, each will be listed. Also, the latest approved revisions will be shown.

(1) When an aircraft has tentative approval only, the following statement should appear on the inside of the front covering page of the manual:

The certificate of airworthiness issued to the aircraft described hereon, subject to the final issuance of a covering type certificate, is based upon tentative approval of aircraft of this model. Upon issuance of a covering type certificate, it may become necessary to make certain modifications or adjustments to the subject aircraft in order that the certificate of airworthiness may remain effective.

(c) Contents. The Airplane Flight Manual should contain as much of the material in paragraphs (d) through (h) of this section as is applicable to the individual model. It is suggested that the document be divided into sections as indicated in paragraphs (d) through (h) of this section. The sequence of sections and of items within sections should follow the outline in so far as is practicable. This will facilitate revising the document when an airplane is altered in the field. (d) Administrative section. (This section will be unnecessary in the case of small uncomplicated airplanes where the limitations consist of only one or two pages. In such cases the data noted for inclusion on the title page can be placed at the top of the first page.)

(1) Title page. This page should include the manufacturer's name, airplane model and the registration number.

(2) Table of contents. This page will not be necessary where the document consists of only a few pages.

(3) Log of revisions. Should provide spaces in which to record revised pages and the date inserted. This page will not be necessary where the document is short and will be superseded completely if changes are necessary.

(e) Limitations section-(1) Engine power and speed limits. Should also list engine and propeller manufacturer and model.

(2) Temperature and manifold pressure limits. Include, if applicable, minimum climbing airspeeds for hot weather operation.

(3) Fuel grade. This item as well as subparagraphs (1) and (2) of this paragraph may, in the case of most airplanes, be covered together.

(4) Propeller. Should list propeller manufacturer and model.

(5) Powerplant door and flap settings. Pertains only when cowl flaps, cooler doors or other similar devices are installed.

(6) Placards (powerplant only). Should list all power-plant operating placards and explain their significance, where pertinent.

(7) Instrument markings (powerplant instruments). Should list all powerplant instrument markings.

(8) Airspeed limitations. Should include "never exceed speed," "maximum structural cruising speed," "maneuvering speed," "flaps extended speed," and "landing gear extended speed" where applicable.

(9) Flight load factors. The pertinent load factors should be given in terms of accelerations.

(10) Maximum weight. This should list maximum weights.

(11) C. G. range. The approved c. g. limits and datum should be listed in inches.

(12) Maneuvers. This should list the approved maneuvers with recommended entry speeds.

(13) Placards (except powerplant placards). Should list all flight placards and explain their significance where pertinent.

(14) Instrument markings (except power-plant instruments). Should list all flight instrument markings, and explain their significance. (In most cases this will involve only the airspeed indicator.)

(15) Minimum crew. This section should be used only when the minimum crew is more than one. Where used, the section should explain the basic duties of each crew member.

(f) Procedures section-(1) Normal operating procedures. For the small conventional airplane where all procedures are conventional, this section will not be necessary. Only unconventional features and peculiarities of the particular airplane should be covered here, and, in the case of more complex airplanes, the following should be covered where pertinent.

(i) One engine inoperative. Applies only to multiengine types and should contain all necessary procedures for such operation.

(ii) Propeller feathering. Applies only to multiengine types equipped with feathering propellers. Should contain full instructions on feathering and unfeathering.

(iii) Circuit breakers. Should contain full information on the location and method of resetting all circuit breakers installed.

(iv) Fire procedures. Pertains only to airplanes equipped with a built-in fire extinguishing system. Should contain full instructions on the operation of such systems as well as associated fire protection equipment and procedures.

(v) Emergency procedures for flaps, landing gear, fuel dumping, etc.

(vi) Other special operating procedures (if any).

(g) Performance information section (1) Take-off data. Should include distance to clear 50-foot obstacle, etc., at various altitudes and temperatures.

(2) Climb data. Should give normal rate of climb, balked landing climb (landing gear extended and wing flaps in landing position) and one-engine inoperative climb (for multiengine types) at various altitudes and temperatures.

(3) Landing data. Should give distance to complete landing over 50-foot obstacle and approach speed for various altitudes and temperatures.

(4) Stalling data. Should give stall speeds, stall warning indications and

other pertinent data including stalling speeds at various angles of bank.

(h) Weight and balance data section. This section will not be included in the approved portion of the Airplane Flight Manual. It is the intention of the Civil Aeronautics Administration to place the responsibility for the control of weight and balance with the manufacturer and operator. The manufacturer will furnish a weight and balance report for each new airplane. The Federal Aviation Agency representative will not approve each individual report but will make only occasional spot checks to ascertain that the manufacturer's weight control procedure is adequate. The manufacturer will be expected to furnish complete information with the airplane, not only regarding its actual weight and balance, but also to include sketches, samples, and other data that will assist the operator in checking the balance after alterations. The Repair and Alteration Form (ACA-337) has been revised to include space for recording the new empty weight, empty weight C. G. and useful load on the form after each change. A copy of this form will be given to the owner and his file of such forms, together with the manufacturer's original data will afford the owner with a complete and up-to-date file. In cases where the permissible C. G. positions vary with gross weight, it is suggested that a note be included in the weight and balance report advising owners to contact the airplane manufacturer when any change is made to the airplane which would appreciably affect the location of the empty C. G. or location of useful load items. The manufacturer is asked to cooperate in an educational program to inform the owner of his responsibility and the means whereby he can discharge it. To this end, a statement substantially as follows should be prominently displayed in the weight and balance section:

NOTE: It is the responsibility of the airplane owner and the pilot to insure that the airplane is loaded properly. The empty weight, empty weight C. G. and useful load are noted below for this airplane as delivered from the factory. If the airplane has been altered, refer to the latest approved Repair and Alteration Form (ACA-337) for this information.

(1) Weight limits. Should list and explain (where necessary) the various