be regarded not only as proper, but praiseworthy | garded by others, which places the acts of Capacts, provided Captain Ingraham's conduct can tain Ingrahan in a true light, and repels the inbe vindicated. The justification of Captain Inference of intended hostile demonstrations tograham will consequently exonerate Mr. Brownward Austria. It was the understanding of the from all censure. If Captain Ingraham's course parties that Koszta should be retained at Šmyrna was right, Mr. Brown's can not be wrong. The while the question of his nationality was pending. commander of the St. Louis was placed in a Captain Ingraham received satisfactory evidence truly embarrassing position. Charged with the of a design, on the part of the Austrian functionprotection of the persons and property of those aries at Smyrna and Constantinople; to disregard who had a right to the protection of his govern- this arrangement, and remove him clandestinely ment, it was at the same time no less his impera- from the Huszar on board of a steamer, for the tive duty to e pect the authorities of all coun- purpose of taking him to Trieste. The informatries in friendly relations with his own. After tion was such as did not permit Captain Ingraanxiously considering the case presented to him ham to doubt that the commander of the Huszar at Smyrna, he determined that he ought to effect concurred in this design, and intended to aid in the rel ase of Koszta, and if unavoidable, resort carrying it into effect. By this evidence of the to force to accomplish it. want of good faith on the part of the Austrian It has excited some surprise here that after a functionaries, in which the captain of the Huszar consideration of the circumstances, an impres- was implicated, the captain of the St. Louis was sion should be entertained in any quarter that placed in the perplexing alternative of surrenderCaptain Ingraham either committed or meditateding the captive, without further efforts, to the sad hostility toward Austria oh that occasion. In fate which awaited him, or to demand his innne.' passing upon his couduct, it is necessary to keep diate release, and in case of refusal, to enforce in view the conclusions established, as the under-it. The government of the United States exsigned believes, in the preceding remarks; for ceedingly regrets that he was reduced to this he, without doubt, acted upon precisely the same painful alternative; but it can not find after a conclusions. He believed that Koszta had been full consideration of all the circumstances, any sei... d without authority, that he was illegally imprisoned, and that he ought at once to be set at liberty. good reasons for disapproving the course he pursued. It is not just to Captain Ingraham to look at the affair as it was at the precise point of time The first aggressive act in this case was the when the demand for the release of Koszta was se zure of Koszta at Smyrna, committed by the made. The antecedent events qualify and legalprocurement of the Austrian functionaries-theize that act. The Austrian functionaries had ob ist improper use of a national ship, the impris-tained the possession of the person of Koszta, onment of Koszta therein, was made by the com- not in a fair or allowable way, but by violating matider of the Austrian brig Huszar. That ship the civil laws of Turkey and the rights of humanwas converted into a prison for the illegal deten-ity. Under these circumstances, their custody tion of a person clothed with the nationality of of him was entitled to no respect from the agent the United States, and consequently entitled to of the government which, by virtue of his natheir protection. If Austria upholds, as it ap-tionality, had a right to protect him. Had all the pears she does, the conduct of the commander circumstances been as they were, except a change of the Huszar, she is in fet the first aggressor. of place-instead of being taken from the terriThis act of the commander of the Huszar led to tory of the Ottoman Porte, had he been taken the series of other acts which constitute the from that of the United States-could a question ground of complaint against the United States. have been raised as to the propriety of Captain The alleged authority of Austria under treaties Ingraham's conduct? If the conclusions hereto being set aside, no one would have questioned fore arrived at are correct, the Austrian agents Captain Ingraham's right, bad he been present. had no more right to take Koszta trom the soil to arrest the proceedings of the kidnappers in of the Turkish dominious than from the territory the streets of Sinyrna, and rescue Koszta from of the United States, and Captain Ingraham had their hands. They were acting without, and the same right to demand and enforce his release against, the civil authority of the place; they as he would have had if Koszta had been taken were committing an atrocions outrage upon a from American soil, and incarcerated in a naper on invested with the nationality of the Uni- tional vessel of the Austrian Emperor. In this ted States. If lie could have properly interfered question, confined as it is to the United States in the first stage of this lawless transaction, he and Austria, the place of the transaction is imunamight do so in the last. The act was, in all its terial, unless the Austrian municipal laws exstages, a continuous wrong, and the character tended over it. of the actors, though there was a succession of The undersigned yield a ready assent to that persons, was the same; they were all wrong part of Mr. Hulsemaun's note relative to the wardoers; and if they chanced to have the possession inaking power. The doctrine contained in it is of a national ship, and converted it into a prison sound and well sustained by most approved au for the purpose of consummating this wrong, that thorities; but the undersigned has not been able ship, thus desecrated, was not entitled to the to discover its applicability to the case under privileges of a sanctuary. Those who had the consideration. The people of the United States, light to clalin, and the power to release, the pris-in organizing their government, have been careoner illegally confined therein, might treat it as a ful to impose more restrictions upon that power prison, and while it was degraded to such an ig-than any of the nations of Europe, and it can not nohla purpose might forget, and be excused for be admitted that these nations have had any ocen forgetting, that it was a national ship. sion to reprove this government for its abuse, There is a consideration probably not brought It has as deep an interest and as anxious a desire to the notice of Austria, and not sufficiently re-to maintain international relations of friendship and peace as any of the European powers, and will do as much as any of them for public tranquillity. The rules for its own guidance, and for the conduct of its agents abroad, have that end specially in view. On entering upon the duties of his office, the President announced the policy which would be observed by this government in its foreign inter course: "We have nothing in our history or position to invite aggression; we have everything to beckon us to the cultivation of relations of peace and amity with all nations. Purposes, therefore, at once just and pacific will be significantly marked in the conduct of our foreign affairs." There need be no apprehensions of a departure from this course. signed will briefly notice the complaint of Austria against Captain Ingraham for violating the neutral soil of the Ottoman empire. The right of Austria to call the United States to an account for the acts of their agents affecting the sovereign territorial rights of Turkey is not perceived, and they do not acknowledge her right to require any explanation. If anything was done at Smyrna in derogation will give satisfactory explanation to the Sultan of the sovereignty of Turkey, this government when he shall demand it, and it has instructed its Minister Resident to make this known to him. He is the judge, and the only rightful judge, iu this affair, and the injured party, too. He has against Austria, and acquitted the United States; investigated its merits, pronounced judgment yet, strange as it is, Austria has called the United States to an account for violating the sovereigu territorial rights of the Emperor of Turkey. The conclusions at which the President has In pursuance of this policy, the public agents of this government abroad are under instructions to respect the rights of all nations; and any deviation from that course would be promptly disavowed, and proper reparation made for any arrived, after a full exainination of the transHCtion at Smyrna, and a respectful consideration injury or insult which they night offer to a of the views of the Austrian government therefriendly power. The application made by Austria to the princi-, as presented in Mr. Hulsemann's note, ure. pal powers of Europe to warn and admonish the that Koszta, when seized and imprisoned, was inUnited States in regard to the conduct of their vested with the nationality of the United States, agents on the occasion before-mentioned, implies and they had, therefore, the right, if they chose that this government has adopted and is acting that from international law-the only law which to exercise it, to extend their protection to him; upon some principle hitherto unknown to the law of nations, and dangerous to public tranquil can be rightfully appealed to for rules of action lity. The communications to the government in in this case-Austria could derive no authority compliance with this appeal, though respectfully to obstruct or interfere with the United States made and doubtless well intended, imply a dis. trust of its good faith and fair intentions. in the exercise of this right, in effecting the liberation of Koszta; and that Captain Ingraham's interposition for his release was, under the peculiar and extraordinary circumstances of the case, right and proper. ་ These conclusions indicate to Mr. Hulsemann the answer which the undersigned is instructed the President to make to the Emperor of Austria to the demands presented in Mr. Hulee The undersigned is confident that, after due consideration of the views here taken of the affair at Smyrna, those powers which have been so prompt to censure will be equally prompt to cor rect any precipitate judgment they may have form ed in regard to it. He indulges the belief that after a full and fair examination-not merely of a detached fact, but of a whole series of facts-mann's note. they will be abundantly satisfied that the agents of this government in that transaction have respected international law, and in no particular transgressed the restrictions it imposes, The President does not see sufficient cause for disavowing the acts of the American agents which are complained of by Austria. Her claim for satisfaction on that account has been carefully considered, and is respectfully declined. The vindication of these agents is not placed Being convinced that the seizure and impris upon any principle new to the international code, or unknown in the practice of eulightened na-onument of Koszta were illegal and unjustifiable, tions. These nations do not hesitate, in the exercise of the right of protection, to extend it to persons (not always subjects according to their municipal laws) who are clothed with their nationality; and in some instances they have car ried this right of protection to limits which this government would not venture, because it would not feel justified, to approach; nor have any of these nations been disposed to abandon the exercise of this right from a timid apprehension that it might possibly bring them into an occasional collision with other powers. Is there anything in the character or condition of this government which restricts it in the use of this right--a common inheritance to all-within marower limits than are allowed to others! In relation to international rights, the United States ask no more than has been conceded to others, and will not be content with less. They put forth no new principles, but claim the full benefit of those which are established. Before closing this communication, the under the President also declines to give his consent to his delivery to the Consul-General of Austria at Smyrna; but, after a full examination of the case, as herein presented, he has instructed the nndersigned to communicate to Mr. Hulsemann his confident expectation that the Emperor of Aus tria will take the proper measures to cause Mar tin Koszta to be restored to the same condition he was in before he was seized in the streets of Sinyrna on the 21st of June last. The undersigned avails himself of this occasion to renew to Mr. Hulsemann the assurance of his high consideration. W. L. MARCY. By general consent of all the parties concerned, Koszta was released, and sailed from Smyrna for the United States on board the American barque Mimosa, on the 21st of Sept.. 1853, and thus the matter, so far as Koszta's personal liberty is involved, has been settled. FIXED FACTS IN AGRICULTURE. 1. All lands on which the clover, or the grasses | out its moisture in sub-soiled land, and keeps the are grown, must either have lime in them naturally, or the mineral must be artificially supplied It matters but little whether it be supplied in the form of stone lime, oyster lime, or marl. 2. All permanent improvement in land must look to lime as its basis. crops growing. Look at such land and seo the results, compared with shallow plowing. Many men have a better farin under the one they plough than that on the surface. Qats never lodge on land where they can get soluble silex to make strong straw. They can not get it in shallow3. Lands which have been long in cultivation ploughed land that has been long in use. Two will be benefited by the application of the phos-dollars an acre will give him plenty of soluble phate of lime, and it is unimportant whether the silex. No matter what the sub-soil is, it will be deficiency is supplied in the form of bone dust, benefited if it is dry by sub-soiling. Hill-tops are guano, native phosphate of lime, composed of benefited by sub-soiling and draining, for it lets fish, ashes, or that of oyster-shell lime, or marl, in the air. It makes crops earlier, and thus they if the land need liming also. escape the frost. Sandy soil, though not benefited as much as hard-pan land, is still susceptible of 4. No land can be preserved in a high state of fertility, unless clover and the grasses are culti-great improvement. vated in the course of rotation. 5. Mold is indispensable, to every soil; and a healthy supply can aloue be preserved through the cultivation of clover, and the grasses, the turning in of green crops, or by the application of compost rich in the elements of mold." 6. All the highly concentrated animal manures are increased in value, and their benefits prolonged by their admixture with salt, or plaster, or pulverized charcoal, 7. Deep plowing greatly improves the productive powers of every kind of soil that is not wet. 8. Subsoiling sound land, that is, land that is not wet, eminently conduces to increase production: 9. All wet land should be drained. 10. All grain crops should be harvested before the grain is thoroughly ripe. 11. Clover as well as the grasses intended for bay, should be mowed when in bloom, or before fully ripe. PRUNING-An error is often committed by those who have the care of fruit-trees, in lopping: off large limbs which appear unsightly, or unfruitful.. It is supposed that the sap which now flows into these limbs, alter they have been removed, will nourish others. Such, however is not the fact. Sap does not more readily turn out of its accustomed channel than the blood in the veins. Cutting off one leg does not increase the size of the other. Moss ON TREES.-Every species of parasitic plant should be plucked from a tree, at whatever period of its growth. These plants bear the same relation to vegetables that beasts of prey do to other animals. ONIONS are good for fowls; they are a prevcutive of gapes-inflammation, Chop them fiue and mix with meal and water. SWEET APPLES are excellent food for milchcows. They increase the suction and add to the richness of milk. THE JERSEY BREED OF Cows is one of the best 12. Sandy lands can be effectually improved we have in this country for milk. The cost of by clay. When such land requires lining or importing one, for freight and expenses, is arling, the lime or marl is most beneticially about $150, applied when made into compost with clay. 13. The chopping or grinding of grain, or steaming of roots to be fed to stock, operates as a saving of at least twenty-five per cent. 14. To manure or line lands which need draining, is to throw manure, lime, and labor, away. MORGAN HORSES.-This is the name of a valuable breed of work horses. originating in Vernont. The Black Hawk Morgans are of a branch of the old Morgan stock. To CLEANSE FINE WOOL.-For 100 pounds of wool, take four gallons of urine and eight 15. Shallow plowing will impoverish the soil gallons of rain-water; mix and heat a little above while it decreases production, and eventually be-blood-heat, until the scum rises, which skim off. come quite exhausted. One inch deeper plowing Keep it at the same heat in a kettle on coals or a will increase the product one per cent. Think what a sum that would be on corn alone. 16. By stabling or sheltering stock through the winter, a saving of one fourth the food may be effected-that is, one fourth less food will answer than when such stock is exposed to the inclemencies of the weather. little fire out of doors. Put in what wool the kettle will conveniently hold, and let it remain about five minutes-take it out on a board that will drain the liquid back into the kettle, or else put it in a basket over a tub, so as not to waste the liquid, for it will be equally good for the last batch as the first. When it is drained, put the THE importance of fairs is misunderstood. basket under a stream of water running on it if They teach others what improvements are taking convenient, or in a running stream if you can, or place in the world. High farming is not orna else with plenty of clear water in a large tub. It mentul farming-it is deep plowing and increased will wash very easy, and be as "white as wool." manuring. This is what pays the greatest protit. Don't forget to sprinkle the dirty liquid upon The analysis of soils and crops teaches us what the poorest spot in the garden, for it is a powerthe land needs. Who ever heard of a crop suffer-ful manure. The same kind of liquid is the best ing from drouth in a field well-drained and sub-thing known to take the dirt and grease out of soiled, say two feet deep? The atmosphere gives any kind of foul woollen cloths or yarn. ELECTION RETURNS, BY STATES, CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS, AND COUNTIES. MAINE. GOVERNOR, 1853. PRESIDENT, '52. Whig Dem. Wildcat.F.S. Whig.Dem.F.S. VERMONT. GOVERNOR, 1859. PRESIDENT, 1852. Whig. Dem. F.S. Whig. Dem. F.S. Counties. Crosby.Pils'y.Mor'i.Hol's.Sc't. P'ce. Hale Co's. Fuirbanks. Robin'n.Brain'd.Scott.Pi'rce. Hale. Aroostook.. 635 765 158 115.. 724 787 80 Addison....1895 460 800..2041 378 642 Cumberla'd.3552 4852 2106 1327..4471 6504 1879 Bennington.1356 Franklin.... 813 1568 449 662.. 997 1310 596 Caledonia..1691 Hancock....1562 1519 598 236..1809 2619 214 Chittenden..1611 Kennebec...3759 2706 763 1019..4489 2703 954 Essex,..... 417 Lincoln.....4515 4010 774 676..5224 5168 563 | Franklin....1544 Oxford......1161 3S45 1811 871..1560 4049 697 Grand Isle.. 284 Penobscot...2630 4117 1878 992..3132 4513 1015 Lamoille.... 899 Piscataquis.. 569 1150 143 464.. 693 851 381 Orange.....1897 Somerset...2220 2237 470 554..2394 2019 457 Orleans....1284 Waldo......1459 2663 1028 1045..1379 3126 757 Rutland.....2523 Washington 1850 2467 205 250..2278 2690 211 Wushingt'n.1372 York........2534 4228 629 828..3393 5270-726 Windham..2065 Windsor....2780 MASSACHUSETTS. 1402 1616 101..1588 1150 181 1676 503..1673 1480 487 1040 969..1872 803 908 417 11.. 467 382 18 Total....21118 18289 8370.22173 13044 8621 SENATE-Whigs, 15; Democrats, 12; Free Soil, 1 NEW HAMPSHIRE. PRES. 1852. GOVERNOR, 1859. PRESIDENT, 52. Districts. Whig. Dem. Whig. Dem. Whig. Dem. F.S. Whig. Dem. F.S.Hun'r. Whig. Dem. F.S. I Tuck.Kittr'e. Bell.Martin. Sc't. P'rce.Hale. Co's. Washburn.Bish'.Wil'n. Wales.Sc'LP'rce.Hale Belknap...1034 1561..1118 2087.. 737 1837 262 Barustable. 1550 928 397 1..1379 892 473 Carroll....1026 1724.. 691 2205.. 491 1825 350 Berkshire..3162 2846 734 15..3579 2973 631 Rocking'm.4370 4828..3300 4821..2506 4502 1071 Bristol....4600 2462 2217 776..3827 3267 2091 Strafford...2532 2055..2220 2363..2003 2250 498 Dukes..... 222 131 23 0.. 250 225 48 Essex.....7869 4499 4014 826..6539 4576 $485 Franklin...2565 1880 1226 12..2552 1726 1218 Hampden .2997 3127 595 144..3445 3458 757 Hampshire 3639 1409 1209 9..3300 1425 1243 Middles'x.10113 6416 4610 1297..8750 8925 4231 Nantucket. 349 169 129 39.. 329 189 189 Norfolk....4814 1432 2709 1417..3589 3454 2479 Plymouth..3684 1610 2640 435..2993 2080 2440 Suffolk.....8213 2746 1598 858..4868 5413 1600 Worcester.7301 5599 7441 366.:7293 5966 7138 SENATE-Whigs... 5; Demo's... 15; F.S...... 1 CONGRESS-Aldrich, W., 452; Thurston, D., 4438, Congressional Delegation entirely Democratic. 4082 N. Haven.4425 5678 1313.. 6046 6097 424 N.London. 1847 $555 2049.. 3361 4079 687 1939 768.. 1703 2015 202 748 Windham.1250 2327 1016.. 2095 2448 618 LEGISLATURE. 987 365 2186 Co's. Albany. NEW YORK. SECRETARY OF STATE. CANAL COMMISSIONER: ATTORNEY-GENERAL. PRESIDENT, 1852. Allegany.. Broome.. Cattaraugus...2539 Cayuga.. Chautauque...3008 Chemung.. ..1611 338 1155. 3018 3703 1146 3189 339 2056 4481 303 1913 1924.... 3248 1867 1928... 5495 5600 33 Erie... 7033 510 Total....160.553 99,835 96,137.. 162,030 97,997 96,273.. 166.165 92,512 97,156.. 231,882 262,083 25,329 Controller.-Cook.. .164.628..Cooley... 92,888.. Kelley. Treasurer.-Spaulding...160.301.. Watson... 96.981..Seger. Prison Inspector.-Kirkpatrick..159.667.. Bennett....... 98,489.. Dryer.. State Engineer.-Clark... ...164.949.. Fay.. 93,172.. Bristol. Softs. Judge of Appeals.-Wood... .163.920..Ruggles... 182.615..Ruggles. .6 -Mullin.. .158.961..Denio.. .187,137.. Denio Free Dem. .97,130..Gates........ 16,483 .97.054..Soule........14.957 .96,434. Boardman...16,339 .97,101.. Cornell...... 14,214 -..Gibbs.... .12.968 -.. Chase Clerk of Appeals.-Harwood....156,156.. Bowne....... 92,412.. Edgerton....96,297.. Frost..... 12,396 ..14,286 2 24 |