small pink called Palalecata, which were both stationed about Bantam, that they might be near to carry relief to those at Lagondum, which was done out of hand; and as soon as one of them arrived at Batavia with six other English ships and pinnaces and the surviving of the ships' companies, who were for the most part sick, they were cheerfully enough received, and carried to their former settlement, to which a famous new structure was added, and they were furnished with other necessaries. Of the aforesaid sick men three soon died, and the factors of the Dutch company, to the number of almost fourscore, were infected also with the same distemper, which to many proved mortal; and, as the English themselves own, they were reduced to such a miserable state in Lagondum that, had it not been for the assistance aforesaid, it was the opinion of many they would all have perished; for which reason the president himself and the other governors did oftenly loudly declare that the assistance given to them was so great and unexpected that they should never forget it as long as they lived, but always remember it; and that not only their private letters would be witnesses of it, but a catalogue of the particulars would be inserted in the public monuments of England.

"For which assistance, and for the charges which the Dutch company has been liable to on this account, the said Dutch company does not doubt but they shall receive just satisfaction and recompense from the English company.

"And moreover, when the deputies of the Dutch company came to the examination of the matter in question, they pleaded that the third article of their pretensions (which treats to the expenses incurred at the siege at Bantam) stated only in part, without expressing the sum of the expences in general, which sum they did then express and assert that it rose to 850,0001. sterling, and they have desired that their demand may be augmented with the said sum.'

"All which complaints and demands, exhibited to us, the said commissioners, by the deputies of both the English and Dutch companies, expressly chose to this purpose, have been laid before us, with a great number of documents, instruments, and proofs exhibited, as well for forming and corroborating their own demands, as for destroying and refuting those of the opposite party; and at length the arbitration of all these controversies is submitted to us the aforesaid commissioners by the said deputies of both companies.

"Wherefore, we, the aforesaid John Exton, William Turner, William Thompson, Thomas Kendal, Adrian van Aelmonde, Christian van Rodenberg, Lewis Houwens, and James Oyfel, after having seen, read, examined, and accurately considered all the documents, instruments, and proofs exhibited to us on both sides, together with all other things which seemed necessary for the discovery of the truth, and being desirous to reconcile and to establish a perpetual agreement between both the companies aforesaid, by virtue of the power and authority to us given and granted by the most high the Lord Protector of the republic of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the high and mighty lords the states general of the United Netherlands, have decided, defined, and determined, and by this our present award and arbitration do decide, define, and determine as follows: We.make void, extinguish, obliterate, and altogether wipe out and commit to oblivion (so as never to be revived at any time, and upon any pretence, by any

person whatsoever) all complaints, pretensions, and controversies mentioned more at large above, and all others whatsoever which the English company trading in the East Indies doth or may form against the Dutch company, without excepting any, of whatsoever kind, nature, or condition they may be; and particularly we appoint and ordain that the said English company shall not for the future sue or demand anything of the said Dutch company in Persia or elsewhere, under the denomination of the customs of Ormuz and Gamron; so that the Dutch shall never be molested or disturbed by the English for this cause under any pretext. Provided, nevertheless, that this does not prejudice any action or plaint which the English company may entertain against the King of Persia or any other person whatsoever, the Dutch excepted.

"In like manner we make void, extinguish, obliterate, and wholly blot out and commit to oblivion (so as never to be revived at any time, and upon any pretence, by any person whatsoever) all complaints, pretensions, and controversies mentioned above more at large, and all others, whatsoever they may be, which the aforesaid Dutch East India Company doth or may form against the before-named English company trading in the East Indies, excepting none, of whatsoever kind, nature, or condition they may be.

"And moreover we appoint and decree that the said Dutch company shall yield and restore the island Poleron to the said English company, in the same state and condition as it is now. Provided, nevertheless, that it shall be lawful for the said Dutch company to take away and remove out of the said island all military furniture, merchandize, household stuff, and all moveables, if they happen to have any in the said island.

"And in the last place we decree and ordain that the said Dutch company shall pay the said English company 85,0001. sterling, to be paid here at London, one moiety before the last day of January next ensuing, according to the English style, and the other moiety before the last day of March following, according to the same style.

"And all controversies between both the said companies being by this means composed, decided, and determined, to the end that a stop may also be put to the quarrels of private persons, we have seen, pursued, and examined all the complaints and demands exhibited to us in due time, in the name of some private Englishmen who complained of having received injury and damage at Amboina in the year 1623; and on the other hand, we have heard and considered the matters which have been alleged and exhibited by the above-mentioned deputies of the Dutch company in their own defense; and we, the commissioners aforesaid, considering that no one person, besides those underwritten, has on this account entered any actions or demands before us within the due time, after which it is not lawful to enter any more; and being therefore desirous that no relicks of complaint should remain and that all cause of wrangling may be removed, after having duly considered and weighed all things, do by virtue of the full power and authority given and granted to us by the most high lord protector, and the high and mighty States of the United Netherlands, appoint and ordain that all complaint, action, and demand of the English whatsoever, whether public or private, on the score of any injury or damage which they pretend to have suffered at Amboina in the year 1622, the English style, and in 1623, N. S., may be made void, terminated, and com

mitted to oblivion; and that no person, whosoever he be, shall enter any action on that account, or molest, disturb, or vex the said Dutch company, or any Dutchman on that pretext. And on the other hand, we also decree and ordain that the said Dutch company shall pay here in London, before the first day of January next ensuing, 7001. sterling to William Towerson, nephew and administrator of the effects of Gabriel Towerson, late of Amboina, deceased; to William Coulson, brother of Samuel Coulson, &c., administrator in like manner of his effects, 4501.; to James Bayles, administrator of John Powell, 3501.; to Anthony Ellingham, administrator of the effects of William Grigg, 2007.; to the administrators of the effects of John Weteral, 2001.; to Jane Webber, administratrix of the effects of George Seharoch, 1507.; to John and Elizabeth Collins, the children and heirs of Edward Collins, 4657.; to the administrators of John Beaumont, 3001.; to Jane Webber, widow and administratrix of the effects of William Webber, 2001.; to James Baile, administrator of the effects of Ephraim Ramsey, 3501.; to the executors of the will of Thomas Radbrosee, 501.; and to Thomas Billinsby, administrator of the effects of Emanuel Thompson, 2001. "All which sums added together make the sum of 3,6151. sterling, to be paid here at London before January next ensuing, and on this condition we insist that their actions or suits be altogether set aside and cancelled so as never to be revived hereafter by any person whomsoever.

In witness whereof. we, John Exton, William Turner, William Thompson, Thomas Kendal, Adrian van Aelmonde, Christian van Rodenburg, Lewis Houwens, and James Oysel have subscribed these presents and sealed them with our seals the 30th of August, the English style, in the year 1654.

"This sentence or award was signed and sealed in manner as follows:

"Convention between Oliver Cromwell, Protector of England, and the high and mighty States General of the United Netherlands, for constituting a congress at Amsterdam of commissioners, to be nominated on both sides, for determining all the remaining complaints, without limitation, in the award and arbitration passed the 30th August 1654, upon their controversies.

"Whereas, by the 30th article of the late treaty between the most serene lord protector of the republic of England, Scotland, and Ireland and the high and mighty lords the States General of the United Netherlands, it was agreed that the commissioners or arbitrators should be nominated and appointed, with full and absolute power and authority to examine and determine all those losses and injuries which the one party laid to the charge of the other from the year 1611 to the 18th of May 1652, O. S., and which each party ought to have exhibited before the 18th of May 1654, which said day, nevertheless, by consent of both parties, was put off till

the 30th of the said month; and if the said commissioners did not agree concerning the said losses and injuries within three months after that day, the said complaints should be referred to the Protestant Cantons of Swisserland, who should be desired to nominate and appoint commissioners for examining and determining the aforesaid complaints within six months after the expiration of the former three;

"And whereas the commissioners of both republics assembled at London, and received sundry complaints to them delivered within the time aforesaid, and examined and determined some, as expressed in the award and arbitration of the aforesaid commissioners, published under their hands and seals the 30th day of August, 1654 O. S.;

"And whereas several yet remain undetermined, which, according to the 30th article aforesaid, ought to have been referred to the above-mentioned protestant Canton, of Swisserland, in order for decision by certain commissioners to be by them nominated and appointed; which nomination and appointment was not made by them within the term of six months aforesaid, and yet it is necessary that the said complaints should be decided, and all private grudges removed, and that every shadow of discord may be for the future taken away:

"It is therefore agreed and concluded between the most serene lord protector and the high and mighty lords of the States General, that all complaints exhibited within the time aforesaid, viz, the 30th of May 1654, and not included and determined in the above-mentioned award and arbitration, shall be referred and submitted to the judgment and determination of the aforesaid commissioners, who published the said award and arbitration, or of others who shall be nominated and constituted on both sides; and that they shall meet again at Amsterdam, in Holland, furnished and invested with the same full power and authority as before; and that they shall proceed in the same order and manner, and with the same method, and consequently determine all the complaints aforesaid within three months after their first congress, which shall be on the 26th of July 1655. And that public notice thereof shall be given to the people of both republics, and that all things which the aforesaid commissioners shall determine within the three months aforesaid shall bind both parties. In witness of all and singular the premises, both we, the commissioner of his highness, and I, the ambassador extraordinary of the united provinces of the Netherlands, have signed these presents with our hands and sealed them with our seals. Done at Westminister May 9, O. S., anno 1655."

The Netherlands and Portugal.-The Dutch and the Portuguese concluded August 6, 1661, through the mediation of England, a treaty of peace and alliance. Disputes, however, arose as to its ratification, and it was not till July 30, 1669, after the Dutch had made considerable conquests in the Portuguese colonies, that a definitive peace was signed at The Hague. Among the questions raised in regard to the treaty of 1661, there was one relating to the payment by Portugal to the Netherlands of the sum of 4,000,000 cruzados, for which the salt of Setuval was pledged. This question having formed the subject of an unyielding disagreement, it was

Dyer, Modern Europe, III. 68; Dumont, Corps Diplomatique, VI. 366. 2 Dumont, VII. 114.

referred in 1669 to the arbitration of Sir William Temple, then British ambassador at The Hague, by whom an award was duly rendered.'

The sentence of Sir William Temple recites certain conferences with the ambassador of Portugal and the pensionary De Witt, in regard to the manner of paying 2,500,000 cruzados, due from Portugal to Holland, for which the salt of Setuval was pledged. The Portuguese ambassador proposed that the payment should be made by assigning all rights to the salt for the term of seventeen or eighteen years. De Witt proposed an assignment for a term of twenty-two or twenty-three years. Difficulties also existed as to the manner of paying the interest. Sir William Temple proposed that Portugal should assign to Holland all rights as to the salt for the space of twenty years in satisfaction of the entire debt, unless the debt should be discharged sooner. The Portuguese ambassador took time to consider this proposition. The pensionary accepted it on condition that, if the salt rights should not yield in any year the sum of 150,000 cruzados, Portugal should supply the deficiency in the following year, and that Portugal should not raise the price of the salt for Hollanders nor lower it for others. The Portuguese ambassador accepted the proposal of Sir William Temple, and also the condition in regard to raising or lowering the price of the salt, but rejected the other condition proposed by the pensionary. After further conferences with Sir William Temple, the Portuguese ambassador and the pensionary, being unable to agree, decided to submit the matter to the decision of Sir William as arbitrator, provided that the Portuguese ambassador consented that the value of the salt should be regulated entirely by cruzados.

"In virtue of this convention," so reads the sentence, "the said English ambassador, having maturely considered all that has been recited, as well as the interest of the two nations and that of their neighbors and allies, that this long contested matter should be amicably terminated so as to remove any ground of future dispute, declares and adjudges that the first plan proposed by the said ambassador, touching the period of twenty years, having been already accepted by the two parties, shall remain firm and valid, with these conditions, that Holland shall be obliged to extract from Setuval in all the years during said term as much salt as she has taken away in any of the ten years lately passed, but that, in case the salt rights in Setuval shall not amount to 150,000 cruzados in any year of the said term of twenty years, Portugal shall supply what has fallen short of the said sum in the following year, provided the said deficit does not exceed the value of 30,000 cruzados.

"The said English ambassador also adjudges it to be equitable that

Works of Sir William Temple, II. 59. The title of the arbital sentence is, "Sentence donnée sur l'affaire du Portugal et de la Hollande, par l'ambassadeur de l'Angleterre, à qui les deux parties ont remit la décision finale de leurs différences, non pas comme ambassadeur d'Angleterre, mais comme Chevalier Temple." The date of the sentence is given in the works as "August 1669." It seems, however, to have been rendered in July, as the substance of it is embodied in the treaty of July 30, 1669. Courtenay, Memoirs of Sir William Temple, I. 373, refers to this sentence as evidence of the high estimation in which Sir William Temple was held.