Linnæus. that if he had any merits, they were due to his own country.'

In the year 1755, the Royal Academy of Sciences at Stockholm honoured our profeffor with one of the first premiums, agreeably to the will of Count Sparree, who had decreed two gold medals, of ten ducats value each, to be annually given by the academy to the authors of fuch papers, in the preceding year's Stockholm Acts, as fhould be adjudged most useful in promoting agriculture particularly, and all branches of rural economy. This medal bore on one fide the arms of the count, with this motto, Superftes in fcientiis amor Frederici Sparree. Linnæus obtained it in confequence of a paper De Plantis quæ Alpium Suecicarum indigenæ, magno rei economica et medic emolumento fieri poffint; and the ultimate intention was to recommend thefe plants as adapted to culture in Lapland. This paper was inferted in the Stockholm Acts for 1754, vol. xv. Linnæus alfo obtained the præmium centum aureorum, proposed by the Imperial Academy of Sciences at Petersburgh, for the best paper written to establish or dif prove, by new arguments, the doctrine of the fexes of plants. It was, if poffible, an additional glory to Linnæus to have merited this premium from the Petersburgh academy; inafmuch as a profeffor of that fociety, a few years before, had with more than common zeal, although with a futility like that of the other antagonists of our author, endeavoured to overturn the whole Linnæan fyftem of botany, by attempting to fhow that the doctrine of the fexes of plants had no foundation in nature, and was unfupported by falls and experiments.

It appears that Linnæus upon the whole, enjoyed a good conftitution; but that he was fometimes feverely afflicted with a hemicrania, and was not exempted from the gout. About the close of 1776, he was feized with an apoplexy, which left him paralytic; and at the beginning of the year 1777, he suffered another ftroke, which very much impaired his mental powers. But the difeafe fupposed to have been the more immediate caufe of his death, was an ulceration of the urinary bladder; of which, after a tedious indifpofition, he died, January 11. 1778, in the 71st year of his age, -His principal other works, befide thofe already mentioned, are, The Iter Oelandicum et Gotlandicum, Iter Scanicum, Flora Suecica, Fauna Suecica, Materia Medica, Philofophia Botanica, Genera Morborum, different papers in the Alla Upfalienfia, and the Amanitates Academica. The laft of this great man's treatises was the Mantiffa Altera, published in 1771; but before his death he had finished the greatest part of the Mania Tertia, afterwards completed and published by his fon.

To the lovers of fcience it will not appear ftrange, nor will it be unpleasant to hear, that uncommon refpect was shown to the memory of this great man. We are told, "that on his death a general mourning took place at Upfal, and that his funeral proceffion was attended by the whole university, as well profeffors as ftudents, and the pall fupported by fixteen doctors of phyfic, all of whom had been his pupils." The king of Sweden, after the death of Linnæus, ordered a medal to be ftruck, of which one fide exhibits Linnæus's buft and name, and the other Cybele, in a dejected attitude, holding in her left hand a key, and furrounded

with animals and growing plants; with this legend, Linnaeus Deam luctus angit amiffi; and beneath, Poft Obitum Upfalie, die x. Jan. M.DCC.LXXVIII. Rege jubente.-The fame generous monarch not only honoured the Royal Academy of Sciences with his prefence when Linnæus's commemoration was held at Stockholm, but, as a itill higher tribute, in his fpeech from the throne to the affembly of the ftates, he lamented Sweden's lofs by his death. Nor was Linnæus honoured only in his own country. The late worthy profeffor of botany at Edinburgh, Dr Hope, not only pronounced an eulogium in honour of him before his ftudents at the opening of his lectures in the fpring 1778, but also laid the foundation ftone of a monument (which he afterwards erected) to his memory, in the botanic garden there; which, while it perpetuates the name and merits of Linnæus, will do honour to the founder, and, it may be hoped, prove the means of raifing an emulation favourable to that fcience which this illuftrious Swede fo highly dignified and improved.

As to the private and perfonal character of this illuftrious philofopher: His ftature was diminutive and puny; his head large, and its hinder part very high; his look was ardent, piercing, and apt to daunt the beholder; his ear not fenfible to mufic; his temper quick, but easily appealed.

Nature had, in an eminent manner, been liberal in the endowments of his mind. He feems to have been poffeffed of a lively imagination, corrected however by a ftrong judgement, and guided by the laws of fyftem. Add to thefe, the most retentive memory, an unremitting industry, and the greateft perfeverance in all his purfuits; as is evident from that continued vigour with which he profecuted the defign, that he appears to have formed fo early in life, of totally reforming and fabricating anew the whole fcience of natural hiftory; and this fabric he raised, and gave to it a degree of perfection unknown before; and had moreover the uncommon felicity of living to fee his own structure rise above all others, notwithstanding every difcourage ment its author at first laboured under, and the oppofition it afterwards met with. Neither has any writer more cautiously avoided that common error of building his own fame on the ruin of another man's. He everywhere acknowledged the several merits of each author's fyftem; and no man appears to have been more sensible of the partial defects of his own. Those anomalies which had principally been the objects of criticism, he well knew every artificial arrangement must abound with; and having laid it down as a firm maxim, that every fyftem must finally reft on its intrinfic merit, he willingly commits his own to the judgement of posterity. Perhaps there is no circumftance of Linnæus's life which shows him in a more dignified light than his conduct towards his opponents. Difavowing controverfy, and justly confidering it as an unimportant and fruitlefs facrifice of time, he never replied to any, numerous as they were at one feafon.

To all who fee the aid this extraordinary man has brought to natural fcience, his talents muft appear in a very illuftrious point of view; but more especially to thofe who, from fimilarity of taftes, are qualified to fee more diftinctly the vast extent of his original defign, the greatness of his labour, and the elaborate execution he has given to the whole. He had a happy com

mand:

fteeped and bruifed in mucilaginous nature, emollient virtue to it.

mmand of the Latin tongue, which is alone the language of science; and no man ever applied it more fuccefsfully to his purpofes, or gave to defcription fuch copioufDefs, united with that precifion and concifenefs which fo eminently characterize his writings.

The ardour of Linnæus's inclinations to the study of nature, from his earliest years, and that uncommon application which he bestowed upon it, gave him a most comprehenfive view both of its pleasures and usefulness, at the fame time that it opened to him a wide field hitherto but little cultivated, efpecially in his own country. Hence he was early led to regret, that the ftudy of natural history, as a public inftitution, had not made its way into the univerfities; in many of which, logical difputations and metaphyfical theories had too long prevailed, to the exclufion of more useful fcience. Availing himself therefore of the advantages which he derived from a large share of eloquence, and an animated ftyle, he never failed to display, in a lively and convincing manner, the relation this ftudy hath to the public good; to incite the great to countenance and protect it; to encourage and allure youth into its purfuits, by opening its manifold fources of pleafure to their view, and thowing them how greatly this agreeable employment would add, in a variety of inftances, both to their comfort and emolument. His extensive view of natural hiftory, as connected with almost all the arts of life, did not allow him to confine thefe motives and incitements to thofe only who were defigned for the practice of phyfic. He alfo laboured to inspire the great and opulent with a taste for this study; and wished particularly that fuch as were devoted to an ecclefiaftic life fhould thare a portion of natural science; not only as a means of fweetening their rural fituation, confined, as many are, perpetually to a country refidence, but as what would almost inevitably lead, in a variety of inftances, to discoveries which only fuch fituations could give rife to, and which the learned in great cities could have no opportunities to make. Not to add, that the mutual communication and enlargement of this kind of knowledge among people of equal rank in a country fituation, muft prove one of the frongest bonds of union and friendthip, and contribute, in a much higher degree than the ufual perishing amusements of the age, to the pleafures and advantage of fociety.

Linnæus lived to enjoy the fruit of his own labour in an uncommon degree. Natural history raised itfelf in Sweden, under his culture to a ftate of per fection unknown elsewhere; and was from thence diffeminated through all Europe. His pupils difperfed themselves all over the globe; and, with their master's fame, extended both fcience and their own. More than this he lived to fee the fovereigns of Europe establish several public inftitutions in favour of this study; and even profefforships established in divers univerfities for the fame purpose, which do honour to their founders and patrons, and which have excited a curiofity for the science, and a fenfe of its worth, that cannot fail to further its progrefs, and in time raise it to that rank which it is entitled to hold among the purfuits of mankind.

water gives it very foon a thick and communicates much of its See LINUM.

LINT. See FLAX; LINEN; and LINUM, BOTANY Index.

LINT, in Surgery, is the fcrapings of fine linen, ufed by furgeons in dreffing wounds. It is made into various forms, which acquire different names according to the difference of the figures.-Lint made up in an oval or orbicular form is called a pledgit; if in a cylindrical form, or in fhape of a date, or olive-stone, it is called a dofil.

Thefe different forms of lint are required for many purpofes; as, 1. To ftop blood in fresh wounds, by filling them up with dry lint before the application of a bandage though, if fcraped lint be not at hand, a piece of fine linen may be torn into small rags, and applied in the same manner. In very large hæmorrhages the lint or rags fhould be first dipped in some styptic liquor, as alcohol, or oil of turpentine; or sprinkled with fome flyptic powder. with fome flyptic powder. 2. To agglutinate or heal wounds; to which end lint is very serviceable, if spread with fome digeftive ointment, balfam, or vulnerary liquor. 3. In drying up wounds and ulcers, and forwarding the formation of a cicatrix. 4. In keeping the lips of wounds at a proper diftance, that they may not haftily unite before the bottom is well di gefted and healed. 5. They are highly neceffary to preferve wounds from the injuries of the air.-Surgeons of former ages formed compreffes of fponge, wool, feathers, or cotton; linen being scarce: but lint is far preferable to all these, and is at prefent univerfally used.

LINTERNUM, or LITERUM, in Ancient Geography, a city of Campania, fituated at the mouth of the Clanius, which is alfo called Liturnus, between Cumæ and Vulturnum. It received a Roman colony at the fame time with Puteoli and Vulturnum; was improved and enlarged by Auguftus; afterwards forfeited its right of colonyfhip, and became a prefecture. Hither Scipio Africanus the Elder retired from the mean envy of his ungrateful countrymen; and here he died, and was buried: though this last is uncertain, he having a monument both here and at Rome. No veftige of the place now remains.

LINTSTOCK, in military affairs, a wooden staff about three feet long, having a fharp point in one end and a fort of fork or crotch on the other; the latter of which, ferves to contain a lighted match, and by the former the lintstock is occafionally stuck in the ground, or in the deck of a fhip during an engagement. It is very frequently used in small veffels, where there is commonly one fixed between every two guns, by which the match is always kept dry, and ready for firing.

LINTZ, a very handfome town of Germany, and capital of Upper Auftria, with two fortified caftles; the one upon a hill, the other below it. Here is a hall in which the ftates affemble, a bridge over the Danube, a manufacture of gunpowder, and several other articles. It was taken by the French in 1741, but the Austrians retook it in the following year. Long. 14. 33. N. Lat. 48. 16.

E.

LINTZ, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, and electorate of Cologne, fubject to that

Linum that elector. It is feated on the river Rhine, in E. Long. 7. 1. N. Lat. 50. 31.

Liotard.

LINUM, FLAX; a genus of plants belonging to the pentandria clafs; and in the natural method ranking under the 14th order, Gruinales. See BOTANY Index.

LINUS, in claffical history, a native of Colchis, cotemporary with Orpheus, and one of the most ancient poets and muficians of Greece. It is impoffible, at this distance of time, to difcover whether Linus was the difciple of Orpheus, or Orpheus of Linus. The majority, however, feem to decide this queftion in favour of Linus. According to Archbishop Ufher, he flourished about 1280 B. C. and he is mentioned by Eufebius among the poets who wrote before the time of Mofes. Diodorus Siculus tells us, from Dionyfius of Mitylene the hiftorian, who was cotemporary with Cicero, that Linus was the first among the Greeks who invented verses and mufic, as Cadmus firft taught them the use of letters. The fame writer likewise attributes to him an account of the exploits of the firft Bacchus, and a treatise upon Greek mythology, written in Pelafgian characters, which were also those used by Orpheus, and by Pronapides the preceptor of Homer. Diodorus fays that he added the string lichanos to the Mercurian lyre; and afcribes to him the invention of rhime and melody; which Suidas, who regards him as the most ancient of lyric poets, confirms. Mr Marpurg tells us, that Linus invented cat-gut ftrings. for the ufe of the lyre, which, before his time, was only ftrung with thongs of leather, or with different threads of flax ftrung together. He is faid by many writers to have had feveral difciples of great renown; among whom were Hercules, Thamyris, and, according to fome, Orpheus.-Hercules, fays Diodorus, in learning from Linus to play upon the lyre, being extremely dull and obftinate, provoked his mafter to ftrike him; which fo enraged the young hero, that, inftantly feizing the lyre of the mufician, he beat out his brains with his own inftrument.

LION, in Zoology. See FELIS, MAMMALIA Index. LIONCELLES, in Heraldry, a term used for feveral lions borne in the fame coat of arms.

LIOTARD, called the Turk, an eminent painter, was born at Geneva in 1702, and by his father was defigned for a merchant; but, by the perfuafion of his friends, who obferved the genius of the young man, he was permitted to give himself up to the art of painting. He went to Paris in 1725, and in 1738 accompanied the marquis de Puifieux to Rome, who was going ambaffador to Naples. At Rome he was taken notice of by the earls of Sandwich and Besborough, then Lord Duncannon, who engaged Liotard to go with them on a voyage to Conftantinople. There he became acquainted with the late Lord Edgecumbe, and Sir Everard Fawkener, our ambaffador, who perfuaded him to come to England, where he ftaid two years. In his journey to the Levant he had adopted the eastern habit, and wore it here with a very long beard. It contributed much to the portraits of himself, and some thought to draw cuftomers; but he was really a painter of uncommon merit. After his return to the continent, he married a young wife, and facrificed his beard to Hymen. He came again to England in 1772, and brought a collection of pictures of different mafters,

His

which he fold by auction, and fome pieces of glafs painted by himself, with furprising effect of light and fhade, but a mere curiofity, as it was neceflary to darken the room before they could be feen to advantage; he affixed, too, as usual, extravagant prices to them. He flaid here about two years, as in his former journey. He has engraved fome Turkish portraits, one of the emprefs queen and the eldest archduchefs in Turkish habits, and the heads of the emperor and emprefs. He painted admirably well in miniature; and finely in enamel, though he feldom practifed it. But he is best known by his works in crayons. likeneffes were as exact as poffible, and too like to please thofe who fat to him; thus he had great bufinefs the first year, and very little the second. Devoid of imagination, and one would think of memory, he could render nothing but what he saw before his eyes. Freckles, marks of the fmallpox, every thing found its place; not fo much from fidelity, as because he could not conceive the abfence of any thing that appeared to him. Truth prevailed in all his works, grace in very few or none. Nor was there any ease in his outline; but the stiffness of a buft in all his portraits. Walpole.

LIP, in Anatomy. See there, N° 102.

HARE-Lip, a diforder in which the upper lip is in a manner flit or divided, fo as to resemble the upper lip of a hare, whence the name. See SURGERY.

LIPARA, in Ancient Geography, the principal of the islands called Eolia, fituated between Sicily and Italy, with a cognominal town, fo powerful as to have a fleet, and the other islands in fubjection to it. According to Diodorus Siculus, it was famous for excellent harbours and medicinal waters. He informs us alfo, that it fuddenly emerged from the fea about the time of Hannibal's death. The name is Punic, according to Bochart: and given it, because, being a volcano, it fhone in the night. It is now called Lipari, and gives name to nine others in its neighbourhood; viz. Stromboli, Pare, Rotto, Panaria, Saline, Volcano, Fenicufa, Alicor, and Uftica. Thefe are called, in general, the Lipari Ilands. Some of these are active volcanoes at prefent, though Lipari is not. It is about 15 miles in circumference; and abounds in corn, figs and grapes, bitumen, fulphur, alum, and mineral waters.

LIPARI, an ancient and very strong town, and capital of an ifland of the fame name in the Mediterranean, with a bishop's fee. It was ruined by Barbaroffa in 1544, who carried away all the inhabitants into flavery, and demolished the place; but it was rebuilt by Charles V. E. Long. 15. 30. N. Lat. 38. 35.

LIPARI, properly, is the general name of a cluster of iflands. Thefe, according to Mr Houel, are principally ten in number, the reft being only uninhabitable rocks. of narrow extent. The largest and the most populous of them, that above mentioned, communicates its name to the reft. Volcano is a defert but habitable ifland, lying fouth from the large island of Lipari. Salines, which lies weft-north-west from the fame island; Felicudi, nearly in the same direction, but 20 miles farther diftant; and Alicudi, 10 miles fouth-west of Felicudi; are inhabited. Pannari is east of Lipari, the famous Stromboli north-caft, and both of them are inhabited.

Lipari. The rest are in a defert ftate; fuch as Baziluzzo, which was formerly inhabited; Attalo, which might be inhabited; and L'Exambianca, on which fome remains of ancient dwellings are still to be found. L'Escanera is nothing but a bare rock.

The Fermicoli, a word fignifying ants, are a chain of fmall black cliffs which run to the north-east of Lipari, till within a little way of Exambianca and Efcanera, rifing more or lefs above the water, according as the fea is more or less agitated.

Ancient authors are not agreed with refpect to the number of the Lipari iflands. Few of those by whom they are mentioned appear to have feen them; and in places fuch as thefe, where fubterraneous fires burst open the earth and raise the ocean from its bed, terrible changes muft fometimes take place. Volcanello and Volcano were once feparated by a ftrait fo as to form two islands. The lava and afhes have filled up the intervening ftrait; and they are now united into one ifland, and have by this change become much more babitable.

The castle of Lipari ftands upon a rock on the eaft quarter of the island. The way to it from the city leads up a gentle declivity. There are feveral roads to it. This caftle makes a part of the city; and on the fummit of the rock is the citadel, in which the governor and the garrifon refide. The cathedral ftands in the fame fituation. Here the ancients, in conformity to their ufual practice, had built the temple of a tutelary god. This citadel commands the whole city; and it is acceffible only at one place. Were an hoftile force to make a descent on the island, the inhabitants might retreat hither, and be fecure against all but the attacks of famine.

The ancient inhabitants had alfo fortified this place. Confiderable portions of the ancient walls are still ftanding in different places, particularly towards the fouth: Their ftructure is Grecian; and the stones are exceedingly large, and very well cut. The layers are three feet high, which fhows them to have been raised in fome very remote period. These remains are furrounded with modern buildings. The remains of walls, which are still to be feen here, have belonged not only to temples, but to all the different forts of buildings which the ancients used to erect. The vaults, which are in a better state of prefervation than any of the other parts of these monuments, are now converted to the purposes of a prifon.

In the city of Lipari there are convents of monks of two different orders; but there are no convents for women, that is to fay, no cloifters in which women are confined; thofe, however, whofe heads and hearts move them to embrace a state of pious celibacy, are at liberty to engage in a monaftic life, with the concurrence of their confeffors. They put on the facred habit, and vow perpetual virginity, but continue to live with their father and mother, and mix in fociety like other women. The vow and the habit even enlarge their liberty. This cuftom will, no doubt, M. Houel obferves, appear very ftrange to a French woman; but this was the way in which the virgins of the primitive church lived. The idea of fhutting them up together did not occur till the fifth century. The life of these religious ladies is lefs gloomy than that which those under the fame vows lead in other countries. They wear.

clothes of particular colours, according as they belong, Lipar to this or that order. Their drefs gives them a right to frequent the churches at any hours; and the voice of cenfure, which takes particular pleasure in directing her attacks against pious ladies, goes fo far as to affe, that fome young women affume the habit with no other views but that they may enjoy greater free

dom.

In this ifland oxen of a remarkably beautiful fpecies are employed in ploughing the ground. The ancient plough is ftill in ufe here. The mode of agriculture practifed here is very expeditious. One man traces a furrow, and another follows to fow in it grain and pulfe. The ploughman, in cutting the next furrow, covers up that in which the feed has been fown and thus the field is both ploughed and fown at once. Nature feems to be here uncommonly vigorous and fertile. Vegetation is here more luxuriant, and animals gayer and more healthful, than almost anywhere else.

Near the city of Lipari, the traveller enters deep narrow roads, of a very fingular appearance. The whole island is nothing but an affemblage of mountains, all of them confifting of afhes or lava difcharged from the depths of the volcano by which it was at first produced. The particles of this puzzolana, or afhes, are not very hard; the action of the rain water has accordingly cut out trenches among the mountains; and thefe trenches being perhaps lefs uneven than the rest of the furface, have of confequence been ufed as roads by the inhabitants, and have been rendered much deeper by being worn for fo many ages by the feet of men and other animals. Thefe roads are more than five or fix fathoms deep, and not more than feven or eight feet wide. They are very crooked, and have echoes in feveral places. You would think that you were walking through narrow streets without doors or windows. Their depth and windings fhelter the traveller from the fun while he is paffing through them; and he finds them deliciously cool.

The first volcanic eruption in the Lipari islands mentioned in history, is that of which Callias takes notice in his hiftory of the wars in Sicily. Callias was contemporary with Agathocles. That eruption continued without interval for feveral days and nights; and threw out great ftones, which fell at more than a mile's distance. The fea boiled all around the island. The works of Callias are loft, and we know not whether he defcended to a detail of particulars concerning the ravages produced by this eruption. Under the confulthip of Æmilius Lepidus and L. Aurelius Oreftes, 126 years before the Chriftian era, these islands were affected with a dreadful earthquake. The burning of Ætna was the first cause of that. Around Lipari and the adjacent iflands, the air was all on fire. Vegetation was withered; animals died; and fufible bodies, fuch as wax and refin, became liquid. If the inhabitants of Lipari, from whom our author received these facts, and the writers who have handed down an account of them, have not exaggerated the truth, we muft believe that the fea then boiled around the ifland; the earth became fo hot as to burn the cables by which veffels were fixed to the shore, and confumed. the planks, the oars, and even the small boats.

Pliny, the naturalist *, speaks of another fimilar * Lib. ii, event which happened 30 or 40 years afterwards, in cap. 106. the.